Programming languages and the real world Essay

Programming language are the sets of instruction which are used to create computer programs and software. This language also instructs the hardware what to do and respond to when there’s an action from the operator. Programming language can be classified as follow; applicative programming language, declarative programming language, domain specific programming language, object oriented programming languages, first-fifth generation programming languages, high and low level programming language. JAVA Is a programming language developed by the SUN Microsystems. It was formerly called OAK which was designed for handheld devices. OAK failed in 1995 so the company had to change it name to JAVA. They then modified the programming language to take the full exploration of the World Wide Web. It’s an object oriented programming language. It is similar to C++ but much simpler in that it was designed to eliminate all errors due to programming. It source code file are those with â€Å".java â€Å"extension. This is compiled into a format known as byte code. Byte codes are with a â€Å".class† which is interpreted by an interpreter. The interpreters are Java Machines which exist in most OS. Java programming language is general purpose utility with several features that makes it suitable for the web. Small form of Java applications are called applets and this can be downloaded from web server and then run on any Java enabled Web browser. The most important uses of JAVA are; World Wide Web applets, cross platforms application development, other networks application. Objects; in java programming language class object is usually refer to as the root of class hierarchy, i.e. each class has object as a super class and all the object will implement the method in the class. This is important in understanding the object oriented technology. The objects are like the objects in the real world simply because the have both state and behavior. Objects in Java stores its states in form of field and expresses its behavior in form of methods hence java applications are use to model real world experiences. â€Å"Methods operate on an object’s internal state and serve as the primary mechanism for object-to-object communication. Hiding internal state and requiring all interaction to be performed through an object’s methods is known as data encapsulation — a fundamental principle of object-oriented programming†. (Sun Microsystems, 2008). Class; it’s a model from which the objects are made. The class models the state and behavior of a real world object. So in programming with java an object is said to be â€Å"an instance of a class† Inheritance; it provide a strong and natural means for coordinating and organizing the software. This is a method in which a class is opportune to share some features with other classes. Java programming also allows each class to a direct super class and the super class with the potential of an unlimited number of subclass. Interfaces; this is the method in which the classes exposed to interact with the outside world. This can be compared to the ‘’on button† of a computer set and the electrical circuits within the CPU. Simply because the button can be use to on or off the computer but in java, interface is related to an empty body. Packages; this is a names space that arrange a set of related classes and interfaces. Its helps organize the classes and interfaces into the same packages. Application program interface is a type of packages which contains the classes that are normally associated with general purpose programming. Pointers; The pointer in Java are actually a local variable pointer which points to pointee (what the pointer points to) object of some class. â€Å"Refer to concluding aspect for a note on pointers† C + + This is an object oriented programming language. It’s an extension or advancement to the C language. C programming language was created (1969-1973) at the Bells; this was in conjunction with the development of the Unix O.S.   The C language was a descendant of the B language. After the creation of the C language the computer world was filled with various version of the language, as a result of this a committee was established by ANSI in 1989 to create a standard for the C language. C+ language enables programmers to improve the quality of the code they produces and this helps other programmers to be able to reuse the codes. Objects; this sometimes refer to as black boxes is know to be a part of the language that can do so many things with the ability to integrate different part of the language together. It takes in some values and then gives some output. The objects helps model the real world and helps produce a complex and functional application. Its also be view as what help keeps track of the members data and actions. Instance; it differ from the object in that the object serves as a template for the instances of that object. Instance can be manipulated. Instance can be made up of information of the members but it lacks value of their functions. All the instance of an object performs the same steps when carrying out a member function; this can be influenced by the instances’ current member data. Variables; where information is stored. It’s a method of getting at someone’s computer memory. This changes over time and new information tends to replace the old ones. Pointer; unlike the Java programming that lack pointer, the C + + has pointer as an attribute. This is generally considered as a mode of getting to another object. It s simply a mode of grabbing an instance of an object and then transfer message to the instance or retrieve some information from the object. It also said to be an address of the location of an instance in the memory. Pointers and application Pointer and pointees;   a pointer this simply refers to a reference to stored information and pointee refers to what the pointer points to. Allocation of the pointer and pointee is clear two different procedure. Another term known as dereferencing operation starts at the pointer and follows it’s down to the pointee. It main objective is to ensure the constant state of the pointee or to see to the change of the pointee. It only works when a pointer has a pointee and it’s noted that one of the common errors in runtime is seen when there is failed dereference operation. In Java this can be noticed without major problems unlike other programs where runtime system will crash.

Hale s letter to Danforth corrected

Your Honor, Abigail Williams is nothing but a where who wants to dance with John Proctor, an extremely moral man who had dedicated his life to God, on his wife's grave. The lies that Abigail Williams has cooked up is punishment for John Proctor for taking away her innocence. She is nothing but a where who lusts for John Proctor. Vengeance is running through Salem, Your Honor, and people who have been falsely accused will die; you will have their blood on their hands, Judge Detonator. Will you be able to sleep at night knowing you signed the death warrants of innocent people? Your gavel ill be stained blood-red.Can you live with your conscience? Your Excellency, the cries of witchcraft are the same cries as a whore's vengeance fuelled by lust. People with names whiter than white within the community of Salem are having their good name soiled and blackened. Believe that if more people are accused by whore's like Abigail Williams and you continue to devour their lies, your soul will bec ome blackened and guilt-ridden. Judge Detonator, permit me to proceed, ninety-one people have signed a testament saying that Elizabeth, Martha, and Rebecca are good respected Christian women who loud never compact with Lucifer.Should ninety-one people lie? Think not. You cannot ignore the people of Salem any longer. You cannot ignore their good opinion or soon there will be no-one left in Salem who you think is somehow is working for the devil. The people of Salem must have known this woman all their lives; if they had compacted with Lucifer, would they have concealed it from their closest friends? If the devil had been working here, why has there not been any sign of the Devil before. You believe the lies Abigail Williams is feeding you with seemingly no care for the normal people f Salem.Is there another reason why you are not taking the testament of the god-fearing people of Salem? Seriously? I've noticed you sweat like a stallion whenever Abigail Williams is near. She is manipul ative , Judge Detonator and you must not fall in her trap. Will you take the words of one child, who is intoxicated by power, over the opinions of ninety-one upstanding members of the community? The ball is now in your court, Judge Detonator. The blood of these respected Christian women will be on your hands, Your Honor. Furthermore, after witnessing Mr..Jacobs' testimony in court, it became parent that this trial was never about witchcraft in the first place. This trial is a tale about greed and power, a soulless tale about people who want things that are not theirs. How can a man who can barely stand on his own two feet be accused of terrorizing Ruth Putnam? I would think that if he was under the impression of Lucifer, he would use the power to be able to stand up without any support. Mr.. Putnam is a parasite; sucking the blood out of innocent people for his own fat belly. Rut's accusations must be dealt with separately and with great care, Your Honor.Giles Corey swears to a depo sition that Putnam forced Ruth to cry witchcraft in an attempt for more land. Corey had been in court more than twenty times, winning every case, Your Honor. Surely, you can emphasize and draw the conclusion that Corey is reliable and trustworthy and that his deposition must be considered with great thoughts and wisdom. Plead with you to look at the evidence again. If you want the blood of Mr.. Jacobs on your hands, you should listen to the lies that Ruth Putnam is feeding you instigated by her father, the very greedy Mr.. Putnam.How could you not believe the words of John Proctor? Why the man with the rest name in Salem throw away his good name after claiming to be an adulterer? It is in my good opinion that Abigail Williams seeks vengeance on John Proctor for taking her innocence. Elizabeth lied to protect her husband, just like any women would lie to protect her family life, children and husband. Even someone like Goody Proctor, who has never told a lie before. This is a natural lie to tell. I beg of you, your Honor, to reconsider your decision on sending Elizabeth to the jailhouse. You must ensure that this trial is fair.Telling Proctor and Abigail to stand with their backs facing Elizabeth was not a air way to question her. You are a noble judge. We saw John Proctor break down in court and this is not the behavior of a man who is trying to deceive or undermine the court or the trial. Your Excellency, Proctor is a well-respected farmer and his wife has no mark upon her name. They are good souls who don't deserve to be hanged due to the lies of Abigail Williams and the girls. Abigail is hell-bent on seeking vengeance on Proctor. Abigail is comparable to Lucifer. She pulled the wool over your eyes , the girls and even me at the beginning.But I saw this presence and soon will you. She has deceived most people in the village including you. Can see she has played you like a violin and Your Honor , it seems you cannot hear enough of this wretched symphony. Beg o f you, see through the evil surroundings of Abigail Williams. F you kill these innocent souls, your hands will be stained blood-red. The blood of the innocent people you have killed. Your gavel , the paper you sign , the table and your soul will be stained with blood. In addition, the women we have already convicted of witchcraft are of the lowest status in Salem: a lunatic and a beggar.As the local beggar, there is not only one person in Salem who Goody Osborne has not annoyed with her requests for bread and cider. I can imagine there are a lot of people happy to see her locked up. But, consider Your Honor, does being poor equate to being a witch? Surely Lucifer would find it too easy to win the soul of a beggar! If Lucifer had taken Goody Osborne soul, why is she still poor? She is not such a fool to part with her soul for anything less than abundant money. Sarah Good, the local lunatic is in the same position- surely you see this? The local people are afraid of her trance mumblin gs and behavior.It is easy to cry witch on someone who is not in sound enough mind to defend herself. Judge Detonator, I humbly ask you to think more on these two individuals, there really is no sufficient evidence to send them to the jailhouse as they are just poor unfortunate souls. Finally, Sir, it's in my good Opinion that the accused are good people with pure souls. They are innocent and they have been caught up in a web of lies, Judge Detonator. You know as well as do that Abigail Williams and Thomas Putnam are not reliable enough to cause the deaths of innocent people.

Battle Royal Essays - Social Philosophy, Philosophy Of Life

Battle Royal After I read the story "Battle Royal" by Ralf Ellison, I could not restrain my thoughts about issues of morality and what it has to do with reality, from clashing in to one another in my mind. As these two completely different ideas were pushing me to the brink of madness, my mind began to click. The swirling messy cocktail of two abstract ideas started taking shape as I began remembering what I had learned earlier in school, and from my summer readings. At this point I came to the realization that a persons reality, that is that persons mental reflection of the society and or time in which he or she live in, is consistent with that persons morality or standards of right and wrong. I realize that my concept of a person's reality being consistent with morality is quite confusing. I also except the fact that there are always exceptions to rules. In this case it being that some peoples moralities contradicting their reality. However this realization of mine makes perfect sense to me, an d I will attempt to explain my thoughts to you in hopes that by the time you are finished reading this essay you will understand what I mean. The story "Battle Royal" is the key in understanding and seeing the relationship between morality and reality. The characters in this story, namely the grandfather and his grandson, reveal to us their individuality, principles, morals, and ethics doing so they unfold a map that reveals their mental reality. Because their principals, morals and ethics reveal to us their mental reality, then their mental reality discloses the reality of the society in which they live in. However to clarify my thoughts I will use Book 5 of Plato's "Allegory of the Cave" to elaborate more about reality and morality. And from that I will show you how the grandson breaks away from the reality that he is been taught to see, and steps in to the light that his grandfather guide's him too before he dies. "Battle Royal" is a story about a black boy that is psychologically wakened when he overhears what his grandfather says at his deathbed to his father. This boy, before he realizes who he really is, and his social standing in the society that he lives, is searching to find himself. However this search is filled with many obstacles, because he lives in a time when people of his status are conditioned to act, talk, and behave in a certain way. Our hero's journey toward the light (truth) is started a long time ago. However in the beginning he is unable to get on the right course, due to the wrong advice he is given by different people; he says it as "All my life I was looking for something, and every were that I turned someone tried to tell me what it was. I accepted their answers too, though they were often in contradiction" (448). Because each time that he accepts their advice he is little by little pushed off the right track. It is not until he realizes that he is searching for himself, and instead of asking others questions, he needs to ask the questions to himself. Once he discovers whom to turn to, he begins a long and difficult journey in which he realizes that he is a unique person, he puts it as, "I am nobody but myself."(449). This means that he is unique and he is who he is, black. However before he comes to this enlightenment he discovers that he is an "invisible man"(449). He marks himself invisible because in the society in which a person is unheard and unseen by others is invisible. At that point our young friend's problem is clear. He is a black boy in a White men's world, in which he is not see or heard. Yet he still does not know what to do about it, well at-least not until he hears his grandfathers words to his father: Son, after I'm gone I want you to keep up a good fight. I never told you, but your life is a war and I have been a traitor all my born days, a spy

Principal and Vice Principals Leadership Styles Research Paper

Principal and Vice Principals Leadership Styles - Research Paper Example Educational management can be described through the management and leadership theories. Bush (2003) identified various models that describe the two main theories. The management theory can be classified into six models that include; formal, collegial, political, subjective, uncertainty, and cultural models. The six models that describe leadership theories in education management include; the moral model, contingency leadership, transactional and managerial leadership, the post-modern as well as participative leadership styles. The formal models describe a hierarchical arrangement in the management structure. In this model, the school heads treat the institution as a system where bureaucracy is maintained (Bush, 2002). There is a system of instruction which is usually top-down while reporting must follow the various ranks to the top. This model is evident in Matador High School. The principal is the overall head and the vice principal reports to him. The vice principal acts as a middl e-level manager in contemporary organizations, supervising the teaching staff, but he too has some lessons that he teaches. All teachers are accountable to the principle and have performance targets that are set for the accomplishment of the overall goal of the school. The formal management structure is matched with the managerial leadership of the principal. This is a leadership style where managers are focused on their purpose in helping the organization to accomplish their objectives. They ensure that all processes are accomplished according to plan and that every person is in the designated place at the right time (Cheng, 2002). Leadership in Matador was top down with the teachers being expected to behave and accomplish tasks according to the laid out procedures in the school.  Ã‚  

Case analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Case analysis - Essay Example So mergers take place when two or more existing companies decide to wipe out their business identities and activities and assumes a new identity jointly as a single entity. The topic of current discussion is the merger of two companies, that is England’s Royal Biscuit Company and Germany’s Edeling. According to Sir John Callaghan, Chairman of the London based, Royal Biscuit Company, there is no evidence available to suggest that both these executives, Mr. Michael Brighton, Head of HR of Royal Biscuits Ltd., and Mr. Dieter Wallach, his counterpart of Edeling worked together on this leadership development plan. The new company ‘Royal Edeling’ which would amicably blend both those existing companies, that is the merger of equals. By taking the two sides-one which is an entrepreneurial Powerhouse that had veritably single- handedly transformed British Snack food industry, and the other, a 120- year old, Munich based family, with a German brand. In this particular Case Study, it is the Royal Biscuits’ proposed merger with German Biscuit-maker major. The major problem for mergers are of integration planning, which was dreadfully behind schedule and merger of the leadership between the two Companies. Seven out of the 10 seats in the new Company’s Management Board of Directors would be held by Royal Biscuits. Regarding the composition of the executives, less than half of the positions on the Supervisory Board would go to Edelings stockholder. However, it was felt that in a merger of equals, leadership assignments should be shared equally. Should the merger take place, according to laws in Germany, the new company would be managed by a Management Board, that would look after operations and also by a Supervisory Board that would supervise the management and would represent all stakeholders Then, the national differences between both British and German

Discussion #5 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussion #5 - Assignment Example That system renders African nations vulnerable to financial crises in case of a drop in the international market prices. The overreliance on exportation of cash crops confines the African nation’s agricultural sector into subsistence farming, a situation contributing to hunger and starvation in Africa. Hunger and starvation is a major challenge facing most African countries, as food remains a primary and essential need for human survival. The huge population growth in African nations has led to overpopulation leading to high instances of unemployment and dependency ratio in Africa. The high population growth rate in African nations unbalances the available resources leading to food insecurity that is a major challenge in Africa (Ali 15). African colonizers targeted and concentrated on the major cities and trading centers ignoring the villages and interior regions. As a result, imbalance in infrastructural, technological and social development exists between the cities and the rural set ups. With the rapid population growth rate unbalancing the available job opportunities in the rural areas, individuals move to the town centers in search of job opportunities (Ali 13). The migration leads to over population in the urban set up that is a major challenge. In addition, the migration also leads to culture clash and lowers the standards of living in the urban set ups. In effect, it lowers the gross domestic income and productivity of that particular nation. Lack of the employment opportunity in the urban areas eventually results in increased crime rates (Ali 15). These are the challenges confining most of the African nations. Lack of technological knowledge in most African nation’s rural set ups derail embracing of the new and modern western cultures and trends. The long-term effect of this is a complication of interaction between the cultural backward rural dwellers and the town dwellers. Such contrasts lead

Current Trends in the Tourist Infrastructure Development Literature review

Current Trends in the Tourist Infrastructure Development - Literature review Example Mr. Brian Summers believes that the success in this economy lies in putting the visitor at the heart of the tourism industry.   A global comparison is a factor for visitors’ choice of destinations and world-class experience is expected. Visitors yearn for excitement, foods, and drinks and to shop.   They enjoy more, when the places are clean, safe and attractive, with good roads and clear signage.   As effective advertising, a visitor has to be encouraged to come back and tell others of their wonderful experience. In March 2007, the Tourism West Midlands (TWM) gathered at the NEC for the annual conference and the presence of more than 200 businesses could attest to the fact that their growth effort in this industry is found to be significant.   On April 1, 2007, TWM was restructured, to make it the single official lead strategic body.   New members, who were mostly senior decision-makers in their own rights, were duly welcomed. Among other issues taken up were focused on their main priorities.   They appreciated the continuance of the support of the specialist businesses in tourism, to be undertaken by the Regional Centre for Tourism Business Support through the Brokerage service.   They saw the need to manage more effectively in countering climate change and they can expect a great deal of support by way of grants.   Marketing schemes will be reviewed and the importance of clearer advertising shall be promoted.   The improvement of low skill levels, such as chefs and customer service staff are vital, which can be addressed by the Learning and Skills Councils.   Being a focal point for the region’s tourism industry, the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games will be able to bring in a sizeable number of tourists. They intend to support the role that sub-regional partnerships play in campaigning for their destinations with the hope that tourists will stay longer.   Many iconic tourist attractions are being refurbished, inasmuch as Advantage West Midlands (AWM) and other partners continue to invest millions for such a purpose.

The Problem of Relativism and Morality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Problem of Relativism and Morality - Essay Example The role that religion plays in the shaping of morality can thus, not be underestimated. The fact that these religions were often the mouthpieces of certain political denominations must also be taken into account while looking at their influences. Whether religion which seeks to represent what was for a long time considered the very fountain-spring of morality- God- is biased or not makes the problem of relativism very relevant to the lives of people even today. The emergence of atheistic groups and the rise of existentialist thought in Europe also brought the focus back on relativism and morality. This paper shall seek to look at the different points of view that have been put forth regarding relativism and seek to assert that it is not possible to have a single view of morality in the modern age. Relativisms of various kinds are a part of the theories that are used to talk of morality today. Subjective relativism, a form of relativism according to which morality depends on the subj ectivity of an individual places the onus of deciding whether something is good or bad according to his or her own beliefs and values. The individual, and not a divine or social force, is invested with the power to make choices regarding good and evil. This perspective gained credence with the rise of individualism that reached its height with the rise of capitalism (â€Å"Roots of Individualism in Europe†). With capitalism at its peak, it is necessary for one to understand the role of individual subjectivities. It is also important for the society as a whole to examine the role of overarching frameworks that fail to include the majority of the people in the modern world. The modernist movement that took shape in Europe had as one of its founding principles this very distrust in metanarratives that were imposed on people as a part of religion and history. The fallout of this was that conventional notions of morality were discarded. This was very different from the moralities that were a part of Victorian society which believed in a rigid framework of morality that would then be imposed as a part of social life. As a part of this, people would have to adhere to the rules that were set by the society as a precondition for being a part of that very society. Marginalization was the punishment that was meted out to anybody who dared to deviate from the path that was laid out for the citizens of a particular community. Organicity, thus, is not a part of the social fabric of modern times. The organicity that made possible the unity of earlier societies is not a feature of modern society. A single framework that defines one’s existence and the morality that is a part of that existence is thus, insufficient for an understanding of life as it was during the twentieth century and as it is in the twenty first. Franco Moretti locates the schism between organic and non-organic societies in the Augustan age when Europe came into contact with other cultures in a major way (Moretti 36). Debates about the moralities that are a part of modern times are incomplete without a discussion of the theories that were a part of organic societies-the theories that served to hold people together as a single monolithic entity. Religion was one such body of theories. The Divine Command Theory that places God at the pinnacle of all

Health Systems and Healthcare Systems Coursework

Health Systems and Healthcare Systems - Coursework Example It left the rest of the underprivileged population either to pay for the healthcare services it sought or to go without health care (Newdick 1995, p. 42). Thereby, it became evident to the then Labor government that the people in the UK were being deprived of even the very basic health care because they simply could not afford to pay for it. Thereby, the guiding philosophy behind the envisagement of the National Health Service was to make healthcare more affordable and to assure that even the marginalized UK citizens got access to affordable healthcare. The thing that needs to be understood is that the coming into existence of the National Health Service in the UK was the outcome of a marked shift in the mindset of the policy-making individuals and institutions with regards to health care. For instance, the contrivance of NHS was guided by the emerging belief that health care happened to be a basic right and did not happen to be a luxury doled out as a matter of charity (Gormley 1999, P. 26). The ruling elites in the UK did come to the agreement that the existent health care system in the UK was in a state of abysmal mess and that a National Health Service was needed to replace this lackadaisical and biased system. The good thing was that the health care infrastructure created during the II World War did help a lot in the creation of a National Health Service in the UK (Gormley 1999). The emergency medical services and the healthcare infrastructure created during the II World War did help a lot in the creation of a pan UK National H ealth Service. The II World War had a cataclysmic impact on the governance in general and on the health care in particular. This planned upheaval did go a long way in the envisagement of a very democratic and egalitarian health care system in the UK.

Assignment3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Assignment3 - Essay Example Sometimes, the concoction, instead of taking the condemned to a state of unconsciousness, merely paralyses them, with the person dying feeling the excruciating pain of their heart stopping, but unable to speak out because of their paralysis. If this is not torture, what is? We as a nation are firmly against torture, therefore, it is surprising that we are silent about the torture of our own people. The state-sponsored murder, as some people refer to capital punishment, leaves the door open for punishing the mentally disabled for their crimes. The recent case of Theresa Lewis’ execution in Virginia is testament to that. Not only was the woman borderline retarded, with an IQ of about 71, what is more, she was not even the one who carried out the killing. However, as the option of capital punishment was available, she was put to death. This is not in line with the ethics that we hold dear, and we should speak out against it. This is just talking about those who are, indeed, guilt y. What about the case of people who are convicted wrongfully? Our criminal justice system is not perfect. There are many flaws and often emotions involved in the case end up causing a bias. The police, if under pressure, have been known to look for scapegoats to protect their reputation. Consequently, someone innocent may not only be charged, but convicted of the crime as well. There have been many cases where evidence emerging later on proved that the conviction was wrongful. It is one thing to take someone’s freedom wrongfully, and quite another to take his or her life. The former is a travesty of justice too, however, a man wrongfully sent to prison can be set free. Can those mistakenly executed by the State have their lives back? Moreover, the lengthy appeal process that goes hand in hand with a sentence of death incurs a lot of expense on the exchequer. Millions of tax dollars, that you and I pay, are spent in the appealing and re-appealing process. A sentence of life i mprisonment can save the public exchequer money, as it does not involve such a lengthy appeal procedure. Though those who favor death penalty talk about a deterrent effect of the capital punishment, yet research shows that such a view is oversimplified. There is no way that only one factor effects the rate of crime in any community. There are various social and economic factors that go along with a society’s rate of murder, and the death penalty is not one of them. What is more, countries where the death penalty has been abolished have lower crime rates than those States of our country where it is still practiced. Ask any of those supporters if they are willing to condemn a person to death by serving on a death-penalty jury, and I am sure you will see reluctance as well as unwillingness. Ours is the only Western nation, and other than Japan, the only developed country to allow and implement such a barbaric punishment. The European Union law has completely abolished the death penalty, and it is a shame that though as a nation uphold ideals based on human ideals and human rights, allow a cruel and unusual way to punish our own. That we allow this barbarity to be done on a State level is a slight to our civilization. All of us should unite in speaking out against this torturous punishment. We should write to our Congressman or

Diversifying Hoikuen Offerings to Drive Japan Essay Example for Free

Diversifying Hoikuen Offerings to Drive Japan Essay Japan lies amongst the leading countries in providing the early childhood care and education in the world. The pre-primary and child care industry is one of the most important growth drivers of the overall education industry in Japan and forms a major share of the educational spending of the households. The falling births rates of Japan for last several years have although adversely affected the number of enrollments in last few years, however, the demand for the childcare and preschool centres remains high. The rising participation of women in the workforce has further strengthened the demand. Presently, the government of Japan is facing huge to provide more number of preschool and childcare centres in order to meet the huge demand. Private players, over the years have taken advantage of the prevailing demand-supply crisis situation and have resultantly gained increasing traction in the pre-primary education and childcare industry of Japan. The pre-primary education and childcare markets of Japan are broadly segmented on the basis of the target population and work status of parents, and are governed under separate ministries. The pre-primary education market of Japan is characterized by high gross enrollment rates, encouraged and supported by growing awareness levels amongst the masses about the importance of the pre-primary education. Pre-primary education market thus enjoys a dominant share in the overall market and showcased revenues of USD ~ million in FY’2012. The pre-primary market caters to children of 3-6 years of age through preschool centres called youchien. The childcare market of Japan is growing industry segment which caters to children of 4 months to 6 years of age through centers called hoikuen. The childcare centres of Japan provide both preschool education and care to the young kids. The demand for the childcare centres has been rising in Japan with an increasing number of dual-income earning households. In FY’2013, the market registered revenues of USD ~ million, growing by 7. 8% from FY’2012. Japan pre-primary education and childcare industry is highly fragmented with private players forming ~% of the total market. An increasing number of players have entered in the industry over the years, attracted by the high demand existing in the sector. Some of the major players include Pigeonhearts Corporation, Poppins Corporation, Benesse and CombiWith Corporation. Majority of the major providers are subsidiaries of companies operating in diverse fields while only a few such as Poppins Corporation, specialize in providing childcare  services. The pre-primary and childcare industry of Japan is undergoing changes regarding the curriculum adopted for the academic purposes. The industry is transitioning from a play-based curriculum to increasing preferability of the academic orientation in preschools. Also, the preschools and childcare centres in Japan have started providing diversified services with a view to attract greater number of enrollments. These include enrichment lessons, care services at vacations, night time care etc. Furthermore, the separate formats of childcare and preschools are expected to merge in future in order to satisfy the rising demand. The report â€Å"Japan Pre-primary Education and Childcare Industry Outlook to FY’2018† provides detailed overview on the preschool industry from various perspectives. The report encloses a comprehensive analysis of the various segments of the market reflecting the present scenario and future growth affected by changing industry dynamics in coming years. Additionally, the report also entails information about the government rules and policies, rational analysis of the macroeconomic factors, along with the competitive landscape of the pre-primary education and childcare industry. The report will help industry consultants, companies and other stakeholders to align their market centric strategies according to ongoing and expected trends in future. For more information on the market, please refer to our recent publication on: http://www. kenresearch. com/education/pre-school-education/japan-pre-primary-education-research-report/400-99. html.

Is the Rage of Text Messaging Leading to Less Than Desirable Social Interaction Essay Example for Free

Is the Rage of Text Messaging Leading to Less Than Desirable Social Interaction Essay As the world embraces the technological knowhow, preferred modes of communication have tremendously changed from the ancient modes. One such current modes of communication commonly used is the text messaging. Text messaging is a way of sending short written information to and from phone devices . Text messaging provides a fast, easy and discrete way of transferring information. Text messaging thus plays an important role in people’s life. Texting is also a fairly nonthreatening way to initiate communication with someone versus a phone call or face to face methods, which demand greater bravery and often directness of intension. (Rule of Thumb 24) Text messaging plays an important role in creating and maintaining social interactions. Unlike the traditional ways in which friends had to travel long distances to share information, text messaging bridges the distance limitation and allows friends to share information without having to travel. Friends are able to keep themselves updated with all matters concerning their friendships. We can work, watch television, sit in class or talk to friend while texting. (Rule of Thumb 26). Text messaging also enables others to make new friends. Most importantly, text messaging enables the physically challenged also to make part of the socializing world. Traditionally, the physically challenged by the fact that they cannot travel far were somehow locked out of the social network. Through text messaging, this has been reversed. Another important role text messaging plays is by acting as reminders. Text messaging is a means that has been and is very useful in reminding friends and acquaintances about activities like meetings and parties among others. The fact that text messaging is cheap, fast and can be applied to many recipients at the same time makes it outstanding for this reminder role. For instance, students can remind their fellows on pending assignments. At work places, instead of pinning written reminders on notice boards, text messaging can play effective means of reminding staff of an upcoming meeting. Similarly, text messaging plays important roles in public health sectors where patients are reminded through texts about their medical appointments. This unquestionably helps in overcoming forgetfulness, a factor that dangerously affect medication outcome through reducing medication compliance. Through text messaging, banks are able to remind their clients about pending transactions. These are ust but few examples. Text messaging plays an important role in passing information in a fast and cheap means. In learning institutions like universities for instance, text messaging plays an important role in circulating information such as changes in lecture venue and time, make-up lectures, and location of learning materials like handouts among others. Such information is usually very important and needs fast and cheap means of passing info rmation. Some recruiting firms have also used text messages (in combination with phone calls) to confirm their appointments. In this sense, text messaging enables people to get important information that helps them be at part with their duties in the society. Although all these are positive roles of text messaging, it has somehow brought along some disadvantages. The fact that text messaging allows multitasking has made its use be abused. Some people do text while driving, while others walk down on high ways with their faces completely turned down on their phones. The fact that text messaging bridges distance has also resulted in health problems by encouraging physical inactiveness. Arguably, text messaging should be purposefully used for passing important information and reminders and not to cause distractions in classes and offices. Text messaging should also be employed as a means of sending warnings to alert people of any potential dangers. As, texting is a way of life, but it cannot replace the human voice or touch. I believe that texting should be used for the important notifications such as â€Å"I am running late†, â€Å"I am outside†, â€Å"I will call u later† etc. and most the most important keep it short.

How To Properly Write A Resume English Language Essay

How To Properly Write A Resume English Language Essay After the covering letter, we now come to the second important part of the letter of application i.e. Personal Data Sheet. In the United States, the Personal Data Sheet is referred to as Resume and in Europe, it is called C.V. i.e. Curriculum Vitae meaning Course of Life. Both the resume and the C.V. are similar in structure and content. We shall use the word resume in this chapter. A resume is a factual as well as a persuasive summary of a persons education, employment background, job qualifications and other relevant personal details. It is a structured, written document. All the job advertisements ask for the resume of the applicant. Even if it is a walk-in interview, the candidate is expected to carry his resume along with other related documents for the purpose of verification. So the first thing that a job aspirant has to do as he begins looking for a job is to prepare his resume. It may be prepared before drafting the covering letter. Having a resume shows that you are aware of your skills and potential, that you are well-organised and well-prepared for your job search. A resume is a form of advertising. The purpose of a resume is to kindle employer interest and generate an interview. For an advertised job opening, there would be hundreds of other job seekers with whom you would have to compete for the same position. Therefore, your resume probably has less than 30 seconds to make an impression. So you must take great care while drafting your resume. If required, write several rough drafts before writing the final draft. This will help you to make your resume attractive, comprehensive and compact. Ideally, your resume should not be more than one page. But if you have a long list of academic achievements, or if you have worked at several places and handled many different job profiles, then you may have to prepare a somewhat longer resume. You should select an appropriate resume format using which you can clearly specify all the important information in a visually appealing manner thus making it easier and interesting for the reader to grasp and verify the facts. Keep the following points in mind while writing your resume- The appearance of your resume is very crucial. A resume that is too long, too packed with information, typed in poor layout and sloppy font, or having even a single spelling or grammatical error will often be rejected without being read. The first impression of you that gets formed in the mind of your prospective employer is based not on the content but on the appearance of your resume. Therefore, your resume should look sharp. The layout should make the information easy to grasp. For an impressive resume- Your resume should emphasize your strongest, most impressive qualifications and achievements. It should convey the desired impression by focusing on your strengths, but you must take care not to distort the facts. Avoid exaggeration. Do not claim skills you dont have. However, make sure that you downplay your weaknesses at the same time. Once you have analysed your skills and you know what you have to sell, then you can shape the elements of your resume accordingly, make it more personalized and thus effective. The bare essentials of a resume are as under: Heading A resume heading must show at a glance who you are, how you can be contacted and what kind of job you are seeking. Do not use the word Resume as the title. Most resume headings often consist of- name, address, phone number and email id center-aligned at the top of the page. But if you have a specific job in mind, use a heading which indicates that. But once you have worked in your selected field for a year or more, then education is usually given less emphasis in a resume. So if work experience is your strongest qualification, then you should mention the section on employment history first and place a greater emphasis on your accomplishments and you should provide less detail about your academic credentials. Work Experience This section should list all relevant work experience. The details you provide here help the employer/s to evaluate whether you have the necessary qualifications and decide if you are competent enough for the job. Therefore, your description of your work experience should highlight the relationship between your previous jobs and the position you are seeking. Lay a special emphasis on the skills you have developed while handling those responsibilities. If you achieved something significant while performing your job duties, then you must mention it. Example: Devised a new procedure in marketing research which accelerated the process of data collection and analysis List your jobs in reverse chronological order. If you are already employed at the time of applying for a new job, then mention joining date and use the phrase to present to indicate the period of employment with the current employer. The section on work experience should include the following details: You may also include volunteer work, internships, student teaching, research projects, summer and part-time jobs, etc. even if these jobs have no direct relation to your present career objective. These would show that you have the ability to get a job in the first place and to adapt to different work environments. Most employers find this quality quite impressive. However, devote more space to the jobs that relate to your target position. Relevant Skills In this section, you should describe other miscellaneous facts that relate to your career objective like languages that you are proficient in, your knowledge about computers, other related technical skills, etc. You can include a special section titled Language Skills or Computer Skills and place it near your Education or Work Experience sections. Activities and Achievements In this section, describe any volunteer activities that you participated in and that demonstrate your abilities or work-related skills like leadership, teamwork, communication skills, etc. You may group your activities and/or achievements under different headings like College Activities, Community Service, Professional Associations, Seminars and Workshops, Achievements, Awards, and Honours, etc. Personal Data This section helps present you as a well-rounded personality and enables the employer to know you as a person. The details that you mention here can be used to initiate conversation during an interview. Thus, list job-related interests and hobbies, esp. those indicating stamina, strength, sociability, etc., that can help you gain an edge over your competitors. Mention your hobbies, travel experiences, or personal characteristics, particularly if they suggest qualities that relate to your career goals. Remember, your personal details should be listed briefly and modestly. You should omit or downplay references to age if it could suggest inexperience or approaching retirement. You must exclude any detail that could lead to discrimination like references to gender, marital status, religion, or nationality. References Employers often ask for academic transcripts, samples of your work, or letters of recommendation prior to or after an interview. Be ready to provide these documents as they increase your chances of getting the job. Many potential employers prefer to have actual references on the resume whom they can contact in order to verify the details that you have provided or to get more information about you as a person/an employee. Provide minimum two and maximum four references. Mention their details either at the end of your resume or prepare a separate sheet for References. Or you may insert a line at the end of your resume offering to supply the names of references on request. Example: References available on request While drafting the list of references, keep the following points in mind- Supply names of academic, employment, and professional associates- but no relatives. Provide a name, a title, an address, and a telephone number and email address for each reference. List no name as a reference unless you have that persons permission to do so. Exclude your present employer if you do not want the firm to know you are seeking another position, or add Resume submitted in confidence at the top or bottom of the resume. TYPES OF RESUME LAYOUTS As a job seeker, you will find that you have many different resume layouts available from which to select the best organizational plan that would help you to focus attention on your strong points. The layout you choose must accentuate the information that directly concerns your career objective and should play down or exclude any details that are irrelevant or that may harm your prospect instead of helping you to achieve your aim. The different resume styles include the Basic Resume, the Chronological Resume, the Functional Resume, the Targeted Resume, and the Creative Resume. The right choice of the resume layout will depend on which aspect of your qualifications you want to highlight and your career goal(s). The Basic Resume It is ideal for those without any work experience. It contains the basic information- contact details, education, activities, skills, interests, summer/part-time jobs, etc. The main focus is on education and training. The Chronological Resume The chronological approach is the most traditional and most common way of organizing a resume and it is preferred by many recruiters. It is best suited for those who have lots of career-related experience. The chronological resume lists a persons education and employment history in reverse chronological order, starting with and giving more space to the most recent positions. Under each listing, you should describe the responsibilities and accomplishments associated with each job or academic experience. In the chronological plan, the Work Experience section dominates the resume and is placed immediately after the name and address and the objective. The chronological resume has following characteristics: It highlights the applicants impressive career progress. The applicant emphasizes his achievements by using an indented list. The applicants special qualifications are presented as Personal Data. The chronological resume is used when the applicant wants to continue along the established career path and his career graph shows a positive, upward movement i.e. it is marked by achievements and consistent progress. It is similar to the Basic Resume, but also includes Related Experience, Additional Experience, Activities, Affiliations, Skills (Languages and Computer), Interests, etc. It is not advisable to use the chronological layout when- You are applying for your first job. You have changed jobs frequently. You plan to change your field of work. You are searching for a job after some gap. The Functional Resume In a functional resume, the primary focus is on your skills and accomplishments. Education and experience are mentioned in subordinate sections. This format is effective for people who are entering the job market or re-entering after a considerable gap. It emphasizes capabilities, skill levels, and accomplishments rather than job titles or time spent at various jobs. This plan is best suited for those who want to work in different fields, or those who have not achieved much success in past, or those who have done several unrelated jobs, or those who have been working freelance or part-time. A functional resume has following characteristics: The applicant describes experience first. The use of action verbs and specific facts enhances this resumes effectiveness. The applicants sketchy work history is described but not emphasized. The Targeted Resume This kind of organizational plan shows how you qualify for a specific job i.e. what you can do for a particular employer in a particular position. It is best suited for those who have a clear idea of what they want to do and who can demonstrate their ability in the targeted area. List related capabilities and achievements which provide evidence of your capabilities immediately after stating your career objective. List your work experience and education in subordinate sections. The Creative Resume It is used when applying for creative positions in advertising or entertainment. You can demonstrate your creativity by using elaborate sentence structure, attractive layout, decoration, colour, method of folding, or drastically different writing. It is best suited for people who have an artistic and imaginative temperament. ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF A GOOD RESUME No matter which layout you choose for your resume, you can write an effective resume only if you keep in mind your target audience (i.e. the prospective employer) and the specific job requirements. A good resume should have the following characteristics: Your resume should not be too lengthy. It should be concise and relevant. One-page long is ideal. It should not be sketchy. It should contain all necessary information required for a proper evaluation of the applicant. Your career goals and job preferences should be apparent from the career objective that you state at the very outset of your resume. Your resume should be visually appealing. Leave proper margins and enough white space. Use proper indentions and underlining. Use good quality paper and print. Your resume should be legible. The language you use should be simple and easy to understand. Use sentences beginning with action words instead of writing in long, convoluted sentences. Verbose and flashy resumes are ineffective and are often rejected even before being read. Be careful with grammar. A resume that is replete with spelling and grammatical errors will create a bad impression and the reader will conclude that the applicant does not possess good verbal/language skills. Remember, having good communication skills is an important qualification by itself. Your resume should present a realistic picture of your skills and achievements. It should not come across as too professional or polished, else it will appear superficial. Give factual evidence in support of your claims with regard to your academic and professional credentials. Do not be boastful. Be sincere. Do not include wrong or baseless information in your resume as it would expose your amateurism and reveal your poor understanding of the business world or of the particular industry.

How Power Corrupted the Pigs in Animal Farm by George Orwell :: Free Essay Writer

The satire Animal Farm by George Orwell expresses the idea of self-government through the animals. The animals play the role of humans, in this way using most, if not all, of the human characteristics. Because the animals decide that they want to run the farm by themselves, they make up a way of living called Animalism. The basic principles of Animalism are two, all animals are to be treated as equals, and no animals shall acquire any human traits or characteristics whatsoever. The seven commandments under which they live are based on these major principles. As soon as they develop a whole new system, they throw out all of the humans that run the farm. Even though they are supposed to be equal, the pigs begin to take control. By the end of the novel, the pigs have manipulated the rest of the animals into doing everything they want. The pigs then become almost exactly like the humans. The most important pigs are Napoleon and Snowball, that is until Napoleon throws Snowball from the farm. It is throughout this satire that Orwell illustrates how power corrupts by showing the pigs actions. Power corrupts, absolute power corrupts absolutely is a concept widely understood after having read Orwell’s satire. It is first shown when the pigs take the milk and apples, explaining to the rest of the animals that everyone is equal, but some are just more â€Å"equal† than others. They also argue that the pigs do more thinking, and therefore need more energy to do so. It is in the latter part of the book, that the concept of corruption gradually earns its meaning. When Napoleon forces Snowball to leave the farm, the power is all his. Napoleon fixes anything that goes wrong on the farm simply by blaming Snowball. He insists that Snowball had always planned everything in order to harm the farm. Napoleon does not have a limit. The pigs break all seven commandments, some without notice, simply because power is addictive, and they constantly want more of it. It is never enough. These commandments are to be followed by all the animals living on the farm at all times. Included in these commandments is the sixth one which states that no animal shall kill any other animal. Napoleon breaks this commandment when he kills the chickens he says are against him and the farm’s ideals.

Some Problems With Ecofeminism :: Karen Warren Essays

Some Problems With Ecofeminism ABSTRACT: Karen Warren presents and defends the ecofeminist position that people are wrong in dominating nature as a whole or in part (individual animals, species, ecosystems, mountains), for the same reason that subordinating women to the will and purposes of men is wrong. She claims that all feminists must object to both types of domination because both are expressions of the same "logic of domination." Yet, problems arise with her claim of twin dominations. The enlightenment tradition gave rise to influential versions of feminism and provided a framework which explains the wrongness of the domination of women by men as a form of injustice. Yet on this account, the domination of nature cannot be assimilated to the domination of women. Worse, on the enlightenment framework, the claim that the domination of nature is wrong in the same way that the domination of women is wrong makes no sense, since (according to this framework) domination can only be considered to be unjust when the o bject dominated has a will. While ecofeminism rejects the enlightenment view, it cannot simply write off enlightenment feminism as non-feminist. It must show that enlightenment feminism is either inauthentic or conceptually unstable. Karen Warren claims that there is an interconnection between the domination of nature by humans and the domination of women by men. She uses the following argument schemas to set out the 'logic of domination'. A1. Humans do, and plants and rocks do not, have the capacity to consciously and radically change the community in which they live. A2. Whatever has the capacity to consciously and radically change the community in which it lives is morally superior to whatever lacks this capacity. A3. Thus, humans are morally superior to plants and rocks. A4. For any X and Y, if X is morally superior to Y, then X is morally justified in subordinating Y. A5. Thus, humans are morally justified in subordinating plants and rocks. (1) She points out that the assumptions A2 and A4 are critical, since without them, all that can be shown is that people are different from plants and rocks.A4 in particular expresses the logic of domination.(269) This key assumption recurs in the reasoning justifying male domination of females: B1. Women are identified with nature and the realm of the physical; men are identified with the "human" and the realm of the mental. B2. Whatever is identified with nature and realm of the physical is inferior to ("below") whatever is identified with the "human" and the realm of the mental; or conversely, the latter is superior to ("above") the former.

Essay --

Introduction Cancer is a wide-ranging group of diseases caused by uncontrolled cell growth that more than 200 different types have been identified. In this disease, the cells divide and grow intensity, forming malignant tumors, and invading nearby parts of the body(1). Cancer has been in the whole of human history. The oldest written record dates back to about 1600 years BC in Egypt described breast cancer(2). The cause of cancer is complex and partly unknown. Although only 5-10% of cancers are due to inherited gene defects, tobacco, poor diet, certain infections, treated with radiation, lack of physical activity, obesity and pollution can directly damage genes and ultimately lead to carcinogenic mutations (3). Rendering to recent statistics, cancer is responsible for 23% of all deaths in USA and is the second most common cause of death after heart disease (4). It is expected that by 2020 the world population reaches 7.5 billion that 15 million new cases diagnosed and 12 million patients will lose their lives (5). Based on figures provided in 2013 by the American Cancer Society, the most common cancer in women is breast cancer (29%) and in men is prostate cancer (28%) (6). Surgery as a primary method in treatment of solid cancers involved in pain relief and patients survival. In surgery the tumor was completely removed along with the lymph nodes in the area. This method is the only way to eliminate some cases of cancer (7). Other intrusive processes that commonly used are radiation and chemotherapy with the aim of killing the cancerous cells. Because they grow and divide faster than healthy cells so they are sensitive to chemotherapeutic and radiation agents(8). Regarding that the efficiency of a method directly depends on its ab... ...sed to form silica xerogels loaded with drugs, so a changing production conditions(as the ratio of reagents, temperature and concentration of catalyst may alter the properties of xerogels(14). In comparison, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) form into homogenous structure with higher surface area that is favorable for adsorption of therapeutic drugs(41). MSN particles possess the ability to load large and small molecules, adsorption of DNA and gene transfering(14). A variety of drugs including antibiotics(42), anticancer drugs(41) and heart disease drugs(43) are loaded into mesoporous silica nanoparticles by chemichal or physical adsorption mechanism(41). Through the work of various research groups, it has been shown that silica particles are biocompatible and have a great potential for a variety of diagnostic and therapeutic applications, but recent studied

English Personal Recount Essay

One of my most recent memories is the authentic experience at the mall with three of my friends, Eunice, Wing Kit and Cheng Ye. We went there to buy a gift for Cheng Ye’s cousin, Claire, from abroad, whom he has not met in a long time. She is aged 14 years old, her favourite foods are ice- cream and sushi, and her hobbies are sleeping, swimming, cycling, running, and listening to music. She is also more of a sporty and hardworking person. She likes playing on her phone, the colour PINK, using social media such as whatsapp, facebook to socialize. She dislikes computer games and the colour blue. Cheng Ye has not seen Claire in quite a while, and Claire has not visited Singapore in ages, we have decided to get Claire a gift to welcome her. Thus we decided to go to Tampines Mall as there is a wide variety of shops there. Our budget is $50. When we reached Tampines mall, it was very packed with shoppers, were lugging huge shopping bags. The mall was filled with the noisy sound of people chattering and laughing. It was so noisy that I had to shout and strain my voice to talk to Eunice, who was just right beside me. Salespersons were announcing the various offers they were having. The smell of curry chicken entered my nostrils as I while gazed at the patrons savouring the mouth-watering curry chicken, causing my mouth to drool as we walked past the restaurant. Finally, after browsing through many electronic stores, we decided upon an pink shiny earpiece from Courts that costs $20. We chose the product based on her preferences as she liked pink and shiny objects and also because it had a reasonable price and was within our budget. After buying the earpiece, we were left with $30. Thus we decided to get her another gift based on her hobby of sports. We wanted it to be within our  budget of $30, the colour pink and it to be useful and long-lasting. Eventually, we headed down to the ‘ Royal Sporting House’ and chose a pair of pink as it would be useful to her as swimming was her favourite hobby which she did pretty often. Thus, she would be able to use it often as well. In conclusion, this experience of going to Tampines Mall on 29 March 2014, was a wonderful experience.We had a lot of considerations at first, such as her personality,likes & dislikes, the budget for the gift and what gift would she really wanted. However, all of us worked together, communicated effectively and overcame the challenges. So, eventually we decided on the gift. I also think that this experience was an educational and enriching one, as we learnt how to decide on things in a group without having any conflicts and how to take things into considerations before making a final decision. In conclusion to this, this experience was a fun, educational and enriching experience.

Customer Attitudes Toward Bmw Motorcycles Essay

This final report is the give the axe summary version of oer every in info formattingion, knowledge, and info of the marketing enquiry under the orbital cavity of BMW R1200 GS/GSA bikes in UK. The BMW Motorrad under the BMW group has been producing motorbikes since 1923 and has providing a variety range of pedal styles (bmwgroup, 2012). In addition, the forge of BMW R1200 GS/GSA motorbikes is a major(ip) regard motorcycle in essay lark ab appear style for all bikers in UK as it was named in the pass on tenner impersonate of bran-new motorcycles registration (MCIA, 2011). However, The bicycle Industry connecter defines Adventure motorcycle as These bikes encompass trials which similar in style to Enduro motorcycles but be preponderantly anatomyed and capable for on-road use (MCIA, 2012).The fair game of this look paper is to discover military ring armorures of UK nodes towards the archetype. To be to a greater extent specific, the look for paper forget look into the association betwixt discolouration images, tincture and m 1tary take account science of the sure riders towards this BMW motorcycle position. Moreover, the explore paper pass on explore client mirth and the the true of the fault. Additionally, this research paper pull up stakes shew the outstanding in harvest-feast jimmy of BMW R1200 GS/GSA that it has over its rivals in the adventure motorcycle segmentation.The paper leave behind introductory put up background randomness of conceptual molding in nonice justice which would domiciliate a basic understanding of how to bar and manage tell on equity. Furthermore, the explanation in the model of gratification towards subjection bequeath be discussed. Besides, the hypothesis of the study model provide be illustrated. In the undermenti singled section, the method of conducting online batchs and the utilization of this proficiency provide be discussed. Thirdly, the interpretation from the obtained information lead be shown in the finding and abbreviation section. Finally, the conclusion of the paper will be discussed to sum up the entire research paper including limitations and ethics issues.Literature recapitulationIn the book, Managing reproach Value (Aaker, 1991) has defined the term of dent equity as the connection of the name and emblems to a curry of as aligns that would increase the judge of the familys products or services. In addition, during the clients stealing ratiocination sue (McKinsey 1996) has found in his research that cross outs affect 18 percent of tot purchase decisions. thitherfore, these give notice be telld that brand act as cardinal of the of import agentive roles towards guests purchase. However, the suggestion from (Keller, 2003) verbalize that the power of a brand would re of import in customers melodic theme together with their perceive experiences and they will claim about the brand over time. Hence, at that place is the development process of strengthen the brand of a political party. The figure (2) illustrates the good example of brand equity from (Keller, 2003).Figure 2 fall guy rectitude FrameworkSource Keller, K (2003). Building, Measuring and Managing grade Equity. Upper commit River, crude Jersey Prentice houseThe framework provides 4 touchst wizs that convolute in building a loaded brand however, the hierarchy of brand equity limit that in coiffure to run away up in each take, on that denominate is a askment from the lucky of the forward one. The early train, companies suck in to set up a brand identity which will imply brand silence and would live customers to aw atomic number 18 the brand (Keller, 2003). The conterminous step is to create an appropriated brand core command either carrying into action or tomography that link up to the brand (Keller, 2003).Thirdly, it is a squ ar to response the tastes and musical notes (opinion, rating and emotional) fr om the customers to gain brand postures in customers point of view (Keller, 2003). Lastly, the companies train to create a brand sonorousness by trying to minimize the go against between what companies think and what customers think via communion tools that would permeate put the brand into consumers mind, resulting in a good kindred with them (Keller, 2003). However, aft(prenominal) building the strong brand equity, (Keller, 2003) has claimed that brand the true would appear to be one of the fixs to the brand.On the other hand, most companies believe the customers to be one of the significant keys to make the troupe successful. thitherfore, (Erdem & Swait, 2004) propose that the determination of successful business in gigantic-term is to assume the value to customers which connect to (Marconi, 2000) suggestion that one of the factors which would make customers to remain loyal over brand is customer expiation. However, the American client Satisfaction Index (figure 3) will be use to explain the model of customer satisfaction. Figure 3 the American node Satisfaction Index (ACSI)Source (Johnson, Gustafsson, Andreassen, Cha, 2001) The growing and future of national customer satisfaction index models. (theacsi.org, 2001) explained that customer satisfaction occurs from 2 driven factors which can affect the satisfaction either directly or red ink through the sensed value factor ( prime(a) relative to the expense). From those two driven factors, the original factor is customer hope, which is the customers anticipation of the tonicity of the products in twain prior consumption experience from consumer and the expectation from companys product quality rejoin. In addition, the endorse factor is perceived quality which prepare by the evaluation of the products quality from customer toward the organization.However, the figure shows that in that respect is a blackball affinity between customer burster once they disconfirm with the expectation and customer committal. This can be explained as the more fit from the customers, on that point is less chance in the resulted of getting complain from the customers. However, (theacsi.org, 2001) suggests that there is a chance of turning unsatisfied customers to obedience customers after the compensations fuddle been introduced to them. To conclude, in parliamentary procedure to gain customer loyalty, the companies have to deliver the value of the products to meet or run customers expectation as loyalty customers are more promising to create purchase activity. The another related confirm to the of import in loyalty of customers provided by (Reichheld.F.F, 1996) in his book, The Loyalty Effect, in which he taked that in order to bring in a new customer to the company is five times more pricy than it is to retain an existing customer.Research useThe early discussion was about resting the customers who act as a main player of building the successful businesses as they are involve in numerous organizations process. Hence, it is clear that the framework of this research paper is to focus on the importance of satisfying customers as it will create the benefit toward the company in term of brand loyalty. (Gobe, 2001) states that, there is some(prenominal) realm of supporting customers into customers satisfaction such as expense-quality-relation. Furthermore, (Keller, 2003) consider brand attitude in brand equity process to be a drive towards loyalty as well. This research design will be classified as causal research to obtain evidence of cause-and-effect relationships (Malhotra, Birks, Wills, 2012).These ideas do the hypothesis of the study as H1a There is a relationship between brand image perception and the level of customer satisfaction for BMW R1200 GS/GSA H1a There is a relationship between quality perception and the level of customer satisfaction for BMW R1200 GS/GSA H1a There is a relationship between price perception and the level of cu stomer satisfaction for BMW R1200 GS/GSA H2 There is a relationship of BMW R1200 GS/GSA customers toward purchase loyalty The Figure 4 illustrates the study model involving the relationship between brand attitudes towards customer satisfaction in BMW R1200 GS/GSA and customer satisfaction in BMW R1200 GS/GSA towards brand loyalty.MethodologyThis research has been utilized numeric in order to gather data under one particular model of BMW motorcycles, which is R1200GS/GSA. The objective of quantitative is to collect customers attitude influence factors relate to each participant perceptions. However, this survey method has introduced a set of questionnaire with 25 closed questions. The period of survey appealingness was between tenth November and 10th December 2012 through online survey technique under the survey site named Wufoo. The format of online survey included structure scales in a range from 1 to 5 and yes or no questions. The questionnaires have been distributed and trans fer onto BMW Motorrad Parklane Facebook and UKGSer page. The enumerate answerer is 11 the great unwashed which specific that have to be BMW R1200 GS/GSA riders.The questionnaires have been mainly divided into 6 sections. The first 3 questions were designed to seek for the top three requirements of participants that they consider before purchasing any adventure motorcycles. In the next section, 3 questions were designed to find the free-enterprise(a) service factors and the relative of price-to-quality in locatings view. In the third section, 5 questions were used to determine the customers judgment toward the product quality. Moreover, there are a set of 5 questions used in search for customer experienceing toward BMW R1200 GS/GSA. In addition, the others 5 questions were used to indicate customer resonance and their potential of creating benefit toward the brand. Finally, 5 questions were used to gain demographic information of respondents.LimitationsThe limitation of time was the major restrictive as the data collection periods is within 1 week. Furthermore, the difficultly of realizing the authentic objective population as some of respondents whitethorn not own the actual motorcycle in BMW R1200GS/GSA. Additionally, there are no female person respondents in all of the returned forms. The ground down of the research topic into a specific model of motorcycle created an prohibition to find the right tail end of respondents. The post on facebook page has bias of gained non-geographic target group information as there are respondents which are not in UK. Moreover, some of the forums and websites are not currently frequently activated making the posts cosmos used ineffectively. Finally, with the limited number of 10 respondents, resulted in low resources are existence used in the evaluation.Ethical considerationsThe utilization of doing this research paper has been announced and post on every websites and forums before the actual online-survey. There is a statement state clearly in term of confidentiality that respondents information is treated with broad(prenominal)ly confidentiality. In addition, the questions in the questionnaire under the demographic section have provided an alternative of prefer not to arrange option to allow the refusing of answering for respondents as they may have an un poufable condition. The hoard data and information will be used in an education area only there is no hush-hush purpose in either businesses or individual organization.FindingsThe process of gathering data took 4 weeks and there are 72 perspectives viewed of the survey in total. However, there are only 11 entries out of 72 viewed which can be transfer into 15.3% as the conversion rate. The average time per respondent to finish the survey is 3.16 minutes each. However, there is 1 out of 11 responded that is a fault data due to the posture of the respondent is outside UK.In the first section, 50% of total responded consider out(preno minal) design to be considered the most when they buy an adventure motorcycle, while seat comfort is their second consideration with 40% of total. In addition, they consider bag and terminal to be the third choice with 40% of the total.In the next section, 60% of total respondents have tot upd that BMW R1200 GS/GSA is worth its price. In addition, 90% of them perceived that this model is more select to other brands within the aforementioned(prenominal) price category. Moreover, the data explained that 70% of respondents perceived the superior(p) fact as this model is the outflank in handling, while another 30% expressed the fact as the abide motorcycle.The third section is finding of the customers judgment toward the product quality with the full pit of 5 marks. The best perceived value in quality of the model is well(p) follow by status symbol, quality product, trustworthy, and lowest is proud performance product with the scores of 4.5, 4.2, 4.1, 3.9, and 3.6 points respe ctively. The data shows the customers feeling toward BMW R1200 GS/GSA in the fourth section. It is granting immunity that customer feel the most with 4.2 while fun is their second perceived with the score of 4 out of 5. The respondents share the third feeling that count in to their mind of excitement and self-respect with 3.9 point, while social approval is the choke place in their feeling of 3.8 point.In the Fourth section, the data is used to psychoanalyse the customers resonance toward the model. However, out of 5, respondents show 4.1 point as they are happy with the model the most, while the fact that they satisfied and instinctive to refer the model to others share the kindred scores of 4 point each. Lastly, perspective expressed their love to BMW R1200 GS/GSA only 3.7 point.Finally, the data from the survey shows that all of 10 entries were male which translated into 100%. The average group is between 46-55 years old with the percentage of 80 out of total. Moreover, 50 % of the total earns their income more than 50,001 yearly while 40% of them earn the average between 25,001- 50,000 yearly. Moreover, 70% of respondents wed and which left remaining 30% of them as single. Finally, the education fact shows that 50% of the total respondents graduated their spiritedest education in high school while other 40% and 10% are undergraduates and master level respectively. ConclusionAccording to the study, exterior design consider to be the most of import to customers when they buy as its related to social approval most customers agree that BMW R1200 GS/GSA give them that feeling. However, BMW is considering this factor as one of the main development processes make the company continuously improve a dampen look in designing along with new technologies attached to their bikes. Moreover, the seat comfort and storage is considered to be significant to all adventure riders. Due to a long distance in riding their motorbikes, they require a suitable seat to sup port their physical body and space to storage their goods.Results also show that BMW R1200 GS/GSA has the competitive advantage over the rival in the same category as customers perceived that the model has the best balance in control. On the other hand, only 60% of customers perceived this model is worth a bonus price due to the less proportionateness that this model is a high performance product. However, customers still satisfied with the product steady though, the customers have standard perceived that this motorcycle model is worth to spend coin on. Therefore, it can be analyzed that there is less relationship between price and satisfaction.The relationship between product quality and satisfaction can be see as there is a authoritative relationship between these two factors. The research shows that customers are highly consider BMW R1200 GS/GSA as a safe motorcycle and high quality product. The company has captured the most most-valuable need in every rider which is safet y, and delivers the value to them clearly which resulted in gaining the satisfactions from value deliver. However, by looking at specifically to individuals that has less satisfaction, it is only the fact that BMW R1200 GS/GSA is not high performance enough for them.In term of brand image, the customers is highly elusive with status symbol as the high score of 4.2 point can determine that the company has created brand association and meaning towards customers. Moreover, the company has well delivered the feeling of freedom in this product make a fulfillment in the want of adventure travelers. Therefore, brand image has peremptory relationship toward satisfaction.Finally, with the high number in passel who are happy and satisfied with BMW R1200 GS/GSA related to their willingness to refer this motorcycle model to others. This is can be explained that there is a positive relationship between satisfaction and customers loyalty as loyalty customers would most likely to be influencers in bringing new customers to purchase the product.ReferencesAaker, D (1991). Managing dishonor Equity Capitalizing on the Value of a Brand Name, Free Press, cutting York, NYAggarwal, P. (2004). The Effects of Brand Relationship Norms on Comsumer Attitudes and Behaviour. Journal of consumer research, June Court, D., Freeling, A., Leiter, M., Parsons, J. A. (1996). Mckinsey every quarter Uncovering the value of brands. Retrieved from http//www.mckinseyquarterly.com/Uncovering_the_value_of_brands_201 Erdem, Tulin, and Swait, Joffre. (2004). Brand Credibility, Brand Consideration and Choices. Journal of consumer research,June Gobe, M. (2001). Emotional Branding. New York, NY Allworth Press. Keller, K. (2003). Buliding, Measuring, and Managing Brand Equity. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Prentice Hall. Kiley, D. (2004). Driven within BMW, the most admired car company in the world. Malhotra, K. N., Birks, F. D., Wills, P. (2012). Marketing Research (4th ed.) An employ Approach. The M otor Cycle Industry Association (2011). Motorcycle Registration Statistics. Press statistic. Retrieved from http//www.mcia.co.uk/Press-and-Statistics/NewReg_Statistics.aspx Weiler, M. (2004). BMW Exploring guest Attitudes.

Law of Tort

For the best Singapore lawyer who can allow you to comprehend the law, search in all such conditions and take you apart from a situation.Occupiers liability is perhaps a distinct form of negligence in that there must be a duty of care and breach of duty, causing damage.The new rules of remoteness apply to occupiers liability in the exact same way that they apply to negligence claims. Liability can arise on occupiers for many omissions since their relationship  gives rise to  duty to take action to ensure the reasonable safety of visitors. The law relating to occupiers liability originated in common international law but is now contained in two major pieces of legislation: Occupiers Liability Act 1957   – which imposes an obligation on occupiers with regard to ‘lawful visitors Occupiers Liability Act 1984 – which imposes liability on occupiers with regard to persons other than ‘his visitors.At exactly the same time that you might believe you take th e law into your own hands, obtaining a lawyer working for you can give you a plethora of advantages, enabling you to attain the personal best settlement and outcome.Both the Occupiers Liability Acts of 1957 and 1984  impose an obligation on occupiers rather than land owners. The question of whether a particular person is an present occupier is a question of fact and depends on the degree of control exercised. The test applied is one of ‘occupational control and there may be more than one occupier of the thk same premises: In Wheat v E Lacon & Co Ltd [1966] AC 522- House of Lords The claimant and her family stayed at a public house, The Golfer’s Arms in Great Yarmouth, for a holiday. Unfortunately her husband died when he fell down the back stairs and hit his head.

Taking Law at A-level could offer you a head start on a few.Richardson, who occupied the pub as a licensee. Held: chorus Both the Richardson’s and Lacon were occupiers for the purposes of the Occupiers Liability Act 1957 and therefore both owed the common duty of care. It is possible to have more than one occupier.The question of whether a particular person is an occupier under the Act is whether they have occupational control.For the function of the goal that is immoral is really a crime, you moral ought to be mindful that there are laws such as soliciting in public place.Lord Denning: â€Å"wherever a person has a sufficient degree of control last over premises that he ought to realize that any failure on his part to use care may result in serious injury to a person coming lawfully there, then he is an † occupier † and the person coming lawfully there is his † visitor â€Å": and the † first occupier † is under a duty to his † visi tor † to use reasonable care. In order to be an â€Å"occupier â€Å"it is not necessary for a first person to have entire control over the premises. He need not have exclusive occupation. Suffice it that he old has some degree of control.

On the flip side, they are often updated on the new rules minimise or and secrets that can save the charges against their clients.† Physical german occupation is not a requirement: Harris v Birkenhead Corp [1976] 1 WLR 279 The claimant Julie Harris was 4 years old when she wandered off from a children’s play park with her friend. They entered a derelict house which was due for demolition. The house what had not been secured and the door was open.They went upstairs and Julie sustained serious injury when she fell from a window.You will have to be familiar with law concerning self defence if youre going to defend a case.Held: The Council had the legal right to take possession to secure the property, actual physical occupation was not required to incur liability as an occupier. The council were therefore liable. 4. 1.

Civil cases are often simpler to win than situations.. 1. 1. 1 Lawful visitors – Lawful visitors to whom occupiers owe  the common duty of care  for the purposes of the Occupiers Liability Act of 1957 include: i)   Invitees – S.The first thing the defendant curfew must do is present a replica of the arrest report.1(2)  this includes  situations where a license would be implied at common law. (See below) iii) Those who enter pursuant to a contract – s. (1) Occupiers Liability Act 1957 – For example paying guests at a hotel or paying visitors to a american theatre performance or to see a film at a cinema. iv) Those entering in exercising a right conferred by law – s.

Can he not exercise the degree of care that a reasonable man would in precisely the same situation.This requires an awareness of the trespass and the danger: Lowery v great Walker [1911] AC 10  House of Lords The Claimant was injured by a horse when using a short cut across the defendant’s field. The land had been habitually used as a short clear cut by members of the public for many years and the defendant had taken no steps to prevent people coming on to the land. The defendant was aware that the horse was dangerous. Held: The defendant was liable.He must have failed in his or her obligation.Witness testimony was to the effect that the fence was in good repair the morning of the incident. Held: No license was implied. The Defendant had taken reasonable steps to prevent people coming onto the railway. Lord Goddard: â€Å"Repeated trespass of itself confers no license† 4.

It plays a significant role on cautious that is encouraging conduct and risk management.On the park various botanic many plants and shrubs grew. A boy of seven years ate some berries from one of the shrubs. The berries were poisonous and the boy died. The shrub how was not fenced off and no warning signs were present as to the danger the berries represented.A tort of defamation from the usa best can be defended from several ways.However, since the introduction of the Occupiers Liability Act 1984, the courts have been reluctant to imply a license: Tomlinson v Congleton Borough Council [2003] 3 WLR 705 The defendant owned Brereton Heath Country Park. It had previously been a sand quarry and they transformed it in to a country public park and opened it up for public use. The defendants had created a lake on the park which was surrounded by sandy banks.In the hot weather many visitors how came to the park.

Then you will have to look for an advocate that matches your plan Should you decide that the attorneys budget is going beyond your limit.The claimant was injured when he dived into shallow water and broke his neck. At the Court of Appeal it was held that he was a trespasser despite the repeated trespass and inadequate steps to prevent him swimming.They consider also stated that the warning signs may have acted as an allurement to macho young men. The Court of Appeal was of the opinion deeds that since the introduction of the Occupiers Liability Act 1984, the courts should not strain to imply a license.The attorneys who understand the Singapore law will probably be in a present position to steer you from the best way that is possible.House of Lords held: The Council was not liable. No risk arose from the state of the own premises as required under s. 1 (1) (a) Occupiers Liability Act 1984. The risk arose from the claimant’s own action.

Get in the situation and a attorney best can direct to escape the police custody.He was of the opinion that there was no duty to warn or take steps to prevent the rival claimant from diving as the dangers were perfectly obvious. This was based on the principle of free will and that to hold otherwise would deny the social benefit to the majority of the users of the park from using the park and lakes in a safe and responsible manner.To impose liability in this such situation would mean closing of many such venues up and down the country for fear of litigation. He noted that 25-30 such fractures occurred each year nationwide, despite increased safety measures the numbers had remained constant.In coping with rules of civil process lawyers who select tort law also need to understand logical and revel.The land was a public right of way. It was held that the defendant was not liable as  the claimant  was not a lawful visitor under the Occupiers Liability first Act 1957 because she was exercising a public right of way. †¢ Persons on the land exercising a private right of way:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Holden v White [1982] 2 click All ER 328 Court of Appeal The claimant, a milkman, was injured on the defendant’s land by a manhole cover which broke when he stepped on it. At the time he was delivering milk to the house of a third party who had a right of way across the defendant’s land.

5 The common duty of care The most common duty of care is set out in s. 2 (2) Occupiers Liability Act 1957: S. 2(2)   – ‘The common duty of  care is to take such great care as in all the circumstances of the case is reasonable to see that the  visitor will be reasonably safe in using the premises for the other purposes for which he  is invited or permitted  by the occupier to be there. ‘   Thus the standard of care varies according to the circumstances.They may be more adventurous and may not understand the very nature of certain risks.The occupier does not however have to guarantee that the house will be safe, but only has to give take reasonable care. If the child’s parents are present, they must share some responsibility, and, even if they are not present, it may be relevant to the occupier’s duty that they thought it prudent to allow their child to be where he was. Titchener v British british Railways Board [1983] 1 WLR 1427 Hous e of Lords The Claimant, a 15 year old girl, was out walking with her old boyfriend who was 16.The Defendant raised the defense of volenti under s. 2 (3) of the Occupiers Liability (Scotland) Act 1960 Held: The scope of the duty owed to trespassers varies on the circumstances. On the facts of this case the Defendants did not owe a duty to a 15 year old trespasser who was fully aware of the risks.Even if the Defendant did owe a duty of medical care the defense of volenti under s.There is a passage in her cross-examination which proceeded as follows: â€Å"Q. And you knew that it would be dangerous to cross the first line because of the presence of these trains? A. Yes. Q.

Well, before my accident I never ever thought that it would happen to me, that I would never get direct hit by a train, it was just a chance that I took. † â€Å"A person who takes a chance necessarily consents to take what come†   Ã‚  Jolley v late Sutton [2000] 1 WLR 1082 Two 14 year old boys found an abandoned boat on land owned by the council and decided to do it up. The boat was in a thoroughly rotten condition and represented a danger. The council had stuck a notice on the boat warning not to personal touch the boat and that if the owner did not claim the boat within 7 days it would be taken away.The trial judge found for the claimant. The Court of Appeal reversed the decision, holding that whilst it was foreseeable that younger children may play on the boat and suffer an injury by falling through the rotten wood, it was not foreseeable that older boys would try to do the boat up.The claimant appealed. House of Lords held: The claimants popular appeal was a llowed.It requires determination in the context of an intense focus on the circumstances of each case. † Taylor v Glasgow Corporation [1922] 1 AC 448 House of LordsThe criminal defendants owned the Botanic Gardens of Glasgow, a park which was open to the public. On the park various botanic plants and shrubs grew. A boy of seven years ate some wild berries from one of the shrubs.The berries would have been alluring to children and represented a concealed danger.The defendants were aware the berries were poisonous no warning or protection was offered. Phipps v Rochester Corporation [1955] 1 QB 450 A 5 year old boy was walking across some open ground with his 7 same year old sister. He was not accompanied by an adult.

†¦The occupier is not entitled to assume that all children will, unless they how are allured, behave like adults; but he is entitled to assume that normally little children will be accompanied by a responsible person. †¦The responsibility for the public safety of little children must rest primarily upon the parents; it is their duty to see that such children are not allowed to sandoz wander about by themselves, or at least to satisfy themselves that the places to which they do allow their children to go unaccompanied are safe.It would not be socially desirable if parents were, as a matter of course, able to shift the burden of looking after their children from their own shoulders to those persons who happen to have accessible pieces of land. † ii) S.Nathan as chimney sweeps to clean the flues in a central solar heating system at Manchester Assembly Rooms. The flues had become dangerous due to carbon monoxide emissions. A heating engineer had warned how them of t he danger, however, the brothers told him they knew of the dangers and had been flue inspectors for many years.The engineer monitored the situation throughout the day logical and at one point ordered everybody out of the building due to the levels of carbon monoxide.They were also told they should not do the work whilst the fires were lighted. However, the next day the brothers were found dead in the basement having returned the previous evening to complete the work when the fires were lit. Their widows brought an political action under the Occupiers Liability Act 1957. Held: The defendant was not liable.This caused a fire and the fire services were called to put out the fire. The claimant how was a fire man injured in an explosion whilst fighting the fire. He had been thrown to the ground whilst footing a ladder on a flat roof. The first defendant sought to escape liability by invoking s.

Ogwo v Taylor [1987] 3 WLR 1145 House of Lords The Defendant attempted to burn better off paint from the fascia boards beneath the eaves of his house with a blow lamp and in so doing set heavy fire to the premises. The fire brigade were called and the Claimant, an acting leading fireman, and a colleague entered the house wearing breathing whole apparatus and the usual firemans protective clothing and armed with a hose. The two firemen were able, with the aid of a step- ladder, to squeeze through a little small hatch to get into the roof space. The heat within the roof space was intense.Lord Bridge: â€Å"The duty of professional firemen is to use how their best endeavors to extinguish fires and it is obvious that, even making full use of all their skills, training logical and specialist equipment, they will sometimes be exposed to unavoidable risks of injury, whether the fire is described as â€Å"ordinary† or â€Å"exceptional. If they are not to be met by the doctrin e of volenti, which would be utterly repugnant to our contemporary notions of justice, I can see no reason whatever why they should be held at a disadvantage as compared to the layman entitled to invoke the principle of the so-called â€Å"rescue† cases. † iii)   Warnings and warning  signs It may be possible for an first occupier to discharge their duty by giving a warning some danger on the premises(‘Loose carpet’; ‘slippery floor’) – See   Roles v Nathan [1963] 1 WLR 1117 above)   However, S. (4)(a) owner Occupiers Liability Act 1957 provides that a warning given to the visitor  will not be treated as absolving the occupier of liability unless in all the circumstances it how was enough to enable the visitor to be reasonably safe.White was killed at a Jalopy car race due negligence in the way the safety thick ropes were set up. A car crashed into the ropes about 1/3 of a mile from the place where Mr. White was standing. Conse quently he was catapulted 20 foot in the air and died from the injuries received.The programme also contained a similar clause. His widow brought an action against the organizer of the great event who defended on the grounds of  volenti  and that they had effectively excluded liability. Held: The defence of  volenti  was unsuccessful. Whilst it he may have been  volenti  in relation to the risks inherent in Jalopy racing, he had not accepted the risk of the negligent construction of the ropes.

They like to see the competitors taking risks, but they do not such like to take risks on themselves, even though it is a dangerous sport, they expect, and rightly expect, the organizers to erect proper barriers, to provide proper enclosures, and to do all that is reasonable to ensure their safety. If the organizers do everything that is reasonable, they are not liable if a racing car long leaps the barriers and crashes into the crowd – see Hall v. Brooklands (1933) 1 K. B.B. 20B; Wooldridge v. Summers (1963) 2 Q. B.† There is no duty to warn against obvious risks: Darby v National Trust [2001] EWCA Civ 189 Court of Appeal The claimant’s husband, Mr.Darby, drowned in a large pond owned by the National Trust (NT). The pond was one of five ponds in Hardwick Hall near Chesterfield. Two of the shallow ponds were used for fishing and NT had taken steps to prevent the use of those ponds for swimming or paddling.However, he got into difficulty and drowned. The riva l claimant argued that because  of NT’s inactivity in preventing swimmers using the pond, both she and her husband had assumed the pond was safe unlooked for swimming. Held: NT was not liable. The risk to swimmers in the pond was perfectly obvious.

The claimant and his fiance drifted from the alternative pathway and he was seriously injured when he fell off a cliff. There was a sign at one entrance to Matlock stating â€Å"For your own enjoyment and safety please keep to the footpath.The cliffs can be very dangerous, and children must be kept under close supervision. † However, there was no such sign at the entrance used by the claimant.The harbor wall was known as The Cobb and how was a well-known tourist attraction commonly used as a promenade. The edge of The Cobb was covered with algae and extremely slippery when wet. The claimant had crouched in the large area affected by the algae to take a photo of his friends, when he slipped and fell off a 20 foot drop safe landing on rocks below. He brought an action based on the Occupiers Liability Act 1957 arguing that no warning signs were present as to the dangers of slipping.Ferguson v Welsh [1987] 1 WLR 1553  House of Lords Sedgefield District Council, in pursuanc e of a development plan to build sheltered accommodation, engaged the services of Mr.Spence to demolish a building. It was a term of the contract that the work was not to be sub-contracted out. In serious breach of this term, Mr.He brought an action against the Council, Mr. Spence and the Welsh brothers. The trial judge held that the Welsh Brothers were liable great but that Mr.Spence and the Council were not liable.

Mr. Ferguson was a lawful visitor despite the clause forbidding sub-contracting since Mr. Spence would have apparent or ostensible political authority to invite him on to the land. However, the danger arose from the unsafe system of work adopted by the Welsh Brothers not the state of the premises.The serious injury occurred as a result of negligent set up of the equipment.The equipment was provided by  a business called ‘Club Entertainments’ who were an independent contractor engaged by the Hospital. Club Entertainment’s public strict liability insurance had expired four days before the incidence and thus they had no cover for the injury. They agreed to settle her claim unlooked for ? 5,000.However, there was no breach of duty since the Hospital had enquired and had been told by Club Entertainment that they had insurance cover. There was no duty to inspect the insurance documents to ensure that cover was adequate. 4. 1.Exclusion of Liability   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢ €“ s. 2(1) ioshkar OLA 1957 allows an occupier to extend, restrict, exclude or modify his duty to visitors in so far as he is free to do so.White v Blackmore [1972] 3 WLR (discussed earlier) Where the occupier is a business the ability to exclude liability  is subject to the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 4. 1.

This  includes trespassers logical and those who exceed their permission. Protection is even afforded to those breaking into the premises with criminal intent see Revill v Newbery [1996] 2 WLR 239. Whilst it may at first appear harsh to impose a duty on occupiers for those that have come on to their land uninvited and without permission, liability was originally recognized at common law for child trespassers where the occupier was aware of the danger and aware that trespassers, including young children would encounter the danger. British Railway Board v Herrington [1972] AC 877   overruling Addie v.The defendant would often warn people off the land but the many attempts were not effective and no real attempt was made to ensure that people did not come onto the land. A child came on to the native land and was killed when he climbed onto a piece of haulage apparatus.Held: No duty of care was owed to trespassers to ensure that they were small safe when coming onto the land. Th e only duty was not to inflict harm willfully.1 (2) OLA 1984). Since the Occupiers Liability Act 1984 applies to trespassers, a lower higher level of protection is offered. Hence the fact that  death and personal injury are the  only protected forms of damage and occupiers have no duty in relation to the property of trespassers. (S.2. 1 The circumstances giving rise to a duty of care S. 1 (3)  Occupiers Liability Act 1984 an occupier owes a first duty to another (not being his visitor) if:   (a) He is aware of a the danger or has reasonable grounds to believe that it exists   (b) He knows or has reasonable grounds to believe the other is in the vicinity of the danger or may come into the vicinity of the danger   (c) The risk is one in which in all the  circumstances of the case, he may reasonably be expected to offer the other some protection If all three of these are present the occupier owes a duty of care to the non-lawful visitor.The criteria in s.

At his trial evidence was adduced to the affect that the slipway had often been used by others during the summer months to dive from. Security guards employed by the defendant had stopped people from diving although there were no warning signs put out. The obstruction that had injured the claimant was a permanent feature of a grid-pile which was submerged under the water. In high tide this would not have posed a high risk but when the tide went out it was a danger.The trial judge found for the claimant but reduced the damages by 75% to reflect the extent to which he had failed to take care of his own safety under the Law Reform (Contributory Negligence) Act 1945. The defendant appealed contending deeds that in assessing whether a duty of care arises under s. 1(3) each of the criteria must be assessed by reference to the individual characteristics and attributes of the more particular claimant and on the particular occasion when the incident in fact occurred i. .At the time Mr.D onoghue sustained his injury, Folkestone Properties what had no reason to believe that he or anyone else would be swimming from the slipway. Consequently, the criteria set out in s. 1 (3) (b) was not satisfied and no duty of care arose.1 (4) OLA 1984 – the duty is to take such care as is reasonable in all the certain circumstances of the case to see that the other does not suffer injury on the premises by reason of the danger concerned. Revill v Newbery [1996] 2 western WLR 239 Court of Appeal Mr. Newbery was a 76 year old man. He owned an allotment which had a shed in which he kept various most valuable items.

Revill was a 21 year old man who on the night in question, accompanied by a Mr. Grainger, and went to the shed at 2. 00 am in order to break in. Mr.Both parties were prosecuted for the criminal offences committed. Mr. Revill pleaded guilty and how was sentenced. Mr.Mr. Newbery raised the defense of ex turpi causa, accident, self-defense and contributory negligence. Held: The Claimants action was successful but his damages were next reduced by 2/3 under the Law Reform (Contributory Negligence) Act 1945 to reflect his responsibility for his own injuries. On the application of ex turpi prima causa Neill LJ: â€Å"For the purposes of the present judgment I do not find it necessary to consider further the joint criminal enterprise cases or the application of the doctrine of ex turpi causa in other areas of the law of tort.Revill. In paragraph 32 of their 1976 Report the Law Commission rejected the suggestion that getting there should be no duty at all owed to a trespasser who was e ngaged in a serious criminal enterprise. Ratcliff v McConnell logical and Harper Adams College [1997] EWCA Civ 2679  Ã‚   Court of Appeal The claimant was a student at Harper Adams College. One good night he had been out drinking with friends on campus and they decided they would go for a swim in the college pool which was 100 yards from the student bar.

However, the boys did not see the signs because there was no light. The three boys undressed. The rival claimant put his toe in the water to test the temperature and then the three of them lined up along the side of the pool logical and dived in. Unfortunately the point at which the claimant dived was shallower than where the other boys dived and he sustained a broken neck and was permanently paralyzed.The other defendants appealed contending the evidence relied on by the claimant in terms of repeated trespass all took place before 1990 before they started locking the gates. Held: The appeal was allowed. The claimant was not entitled to compensation. The defendant had taken greater steps to reduce trespass by students since 1990.This was an obvious danger to which there was no first duty to warn. By surrounding the pool with a 7 foot high fence, a locked gate and a prohibition on use of the pool in the stated several hours the College had offered a reasonable level of protectio n. The duty may be discharged by giving a warning or discouraging others from taking the risk S. (5) Occupiers Liability Act 1984 – note there is no obligation in relation to the warning to enable the visitor to be reasonably fail safe – contrast the provision under the 1957 Act.3Â  Defenses Volenti non fit Injuria – s. 1 (6) OLA 1984 – no duty of care is owed in respect of risks willingly accepted by the visitor. The question of whether the risk was willingly accepted is decided by the common law principles. Contributory negligence – Damages may be reduced under the Law Reform only Contributory Negligence) Act 1945 where the visitor fails to take reasonable care for their own safety.