Analyze Africa’s actions and reacions during European scramble for Africa DBQ Essay

When the Europeans scrambled to colonize Africa, the reactions of the natives was progressively more apprehensive. At first the natives found that they could be peaceful with this strange new white man. Soon after, though, they found that these new men mistreated and cheated them greatly, and had superior military technology. Given these new conditions of the relationship the Africans decided it was in their best interest to take up arms against the Europeans and try to rid themselves of the harmful White Man. In the beginning of the European- African relationship we see much evidence of civil exchanges, though the Africans seem to be apprehensive of complete European rule. From Document1 we see that the African rulers signed contracts with the Royal Niger company, allowing the British government to utilize the Niger river delta. This agreement upheld that the British could utilize this land for their economic needs, as long as the African rulers received a portion of the riches acquired. There was an original willingness to compromise with the White Man, but soon after, the Europeans began to get greedy. We see this when the ruler of Ashanti wrote the Queen of England, declining her offer to add the clan to her empire, though they would like to remain friendly with them ( Doc 2). This wish for peace with the Europeans did not last long after this document was written. We see other evidence of European greed for land when Menelik II, emperor of Ethiopia sent a letter to Great Britian, France, Germany, Italy, and Russia (Doc 3). He stated that the Europeans simply could not split Africa because that would upset the strong Christian values of the region, and that the rule of the land must be seated in Africa. Though strongly worded, this letter remained civil with the Europeans and showed no signs of violence towards them. This was soon to change, though. Soon after the Europeans began settling among the peoples of Africa, the natives saw their true colors. One account by a veteran of the Ndebele Rebellion against the British told of how the people were treated like slaves. This account told of violence, derision, humiliation, and rape (Doc 4). Another account from a Mojimba African chief described the British attacks upon the village. The chief recounted that after hiding out in the  forest for the duration of the attack, they returned to â€Å"†¦: our brothers, dead, bleeding, our village plundered and burned, and the river full of dead bodies†(Doc 9). Other accounts of more mild wrongdoings. An Ashanti queen spoke to other chiefs of their Kings being taken away (Doc6). Many of these injustices performed against the Africans caused an uprising in their society; several tribes began to resort to violence. As European violence increased, the Africans began to seek ways to take action against them. Yaa Asantewi, Ashanti queen mother, gave a speech to chiefs stating that if the men did not begin to take action against the European violence soon, the women would begin the fight the White Man themselves. This is quite significant because women were considered second class citizens, weak people who did nothing but the simple tasks in life. The Herero people also were compelled to take up arms against the Germans invading South-West Africa. In a letter he wrote â€Å"Let us die fighting rather than die as a result of maltreatment, imprisonment, or some other calamity. Tell all the chiefs down there to rise and do battle†(Doc 7). Finally, artwork can be analyzed from the uprisings against Europeans such as the Italians. Document 5 depicts the Battle of Adova, where the Ethiopians were successful in rising against the Italian troops trying to take over the region. Most relations between the Africans and Europeans ended in hostile revolutions organized by the native tribes, trying to rid themselves of the dreadful White Man’s rule. Though they were not successful in ridding themselves of the Europeans until much later, the Africans put up a fight to get the White Man who oppressed them out of their land, after he charmed them with his false pretenses. Another supplemental document that may be used to analyze these two groups is an excerpt from the book â€Å"Things Fall Apart† by Chinua Achebe. This work of literature depicts the story of a revered tribesman of the Ibo tribe and his relations with the invading European missionaries. Tracing the relations of Europeans and Africans through the provided documents we can see that the relationship was neither extremely tolerant or violent at first, but it progressively became the later.

How Music Education Helps Students Education Essay

A music instruction is profound on pupils because it provides a assortment of womb-to-tomb wages ; hence, it should be encouraged and instilled in the school course of study.Why Students Should Analyze MusicStudents should analyze music because it offers them the ability to show themselves and larn to work independently and with others every bit good as logical thought, teamwork, perceptual experience, a sense of accomplishment, and an esteem for the humanistic disciplines.Benefits of a Music EducationPersons benefit from a music instruction through as it helps certain parts of the encephalon develop, along with IQ, reading degree, and a sharper memory come with exposure to music. Learning to play an instrument can be compared to larning another linguistic communication and can be disputing at times. Students have to be disciplined in order to get the hang playing an instrument ; it takes clip and committedness which in bend sets criterions of quality that enhances their desire for a cademic excellence.How Music Education Helps StudentsA music instruction allows pupils to show feelings and have a self-identity. Band and orchestra members are less likely to smoke, imbibe intoxicant, or experiment with other drugs than other non-music childs. An instruction in music besides allows pupils to bond with other members in their group who portion common thoughts, beliefs, and behaviours and to be included in multiple coteries, where they feel like they belong.Music Teaches Lifelong SkillsSkills which are indispensable in the work force and community are developed through music survey. The humanistic disciplines besides help excite economic activity by pulling tourers to events and hence increasing the community ‘s local revenue enhancement base. Students involved in their music instruction plan said music is what defines them because it helps them show themselves. A music instruction really does what is said to be true about itA Music Education: The IncomparableIn troductionWhat sort of an instruction do you desire for your kids? Are you satisfied with an instruction sufficient for them to graduate or make you desire them to work at something to the point that it ‘s every bit perfect as they can do it ( Gill, Rogers, and Rogers, 2000 ) ? A music instruction gives pupils subject, strength, and possible along with the resources of teacher support and ego appraisal for every pupil to larn. These accomplishments help pupils all throughout their lives, no affair what they do. The benefits of music instruction are profound on pupils ; hence, it should be encouraged in the school course of study.Why Students Should Analyze MusicWhy should pupils analyze music and is at that place anything society could make to promote all kids to hold the experience? Music offers pupils the ability to show themselves and larn to work independently and with others ( Children ‘s Music Workshop, 2012 ) . Whether it is set or choir, pupils have to pattern th e music over and over by themselves to finally be able to work with others in dry runs and compose an outstanding public presentation. Because of the humanistic disciplines personal connexion to largely everything we want for our kids and schools, they deserve a topographic point in the course of study. Analyzing music besides teaches pupils, logical thought, teamwork, perceptual experience, and esteem for the humanistic disciplines ; plus, it is fun at the same clip and gives pupils a sense of accomplishment which is invaluable to parents and schools ( Frisco School of Music, 2012 ) . In association, with the survey: The Benefits of Humanistic disciplines Education: An Probe of Causality and Individual Perceptions composed by Dr. Barbara Airulla, we besides see similar benefits persons receive from holding an instruction in the humanistic disciplines. She asked respondents composed of both parents and non-parents whether they believe that instruction in the ocular humanistic disciplines and music contributes to other academic success? ( Such as higher classs or trial tonss in other topics like math or scientific discipline. ) Of the 150 respondents, she received responses of 125 yes ( 93.98 % ) , 8 no ( 6 % ) , and 17 non-responses. In the 2nd portion to this inquiry she besides asked them to bespeak one ground why they believe ocular humanistic disciplines and music instruction contribute to academic success ( Airulla, B. 2004 ) . The undermentioned diagram indicates the responses she received: Figure 1: Reasons why you believe instruction in ocular humanistic disciplines and music contributes to other academic success. ( Airulla, B. , 2004 ) . Many of these responses are similar to the results found through research and you can see that people genuinely believe a music instruction has a great impact on persons. However, on the contrast to these old surveies and many more, some school principals, overseers, school board functionaries, and instructors are still blinded by the valuable effects of music to a pupil ‘s instruction.Benefits of a Music EducationIn bend, what benefits are gained through music and how can humans win from analyzing it? Thinking abilities grow, pupils are more occupied in what they study, and they learn from each other through music. The development of certain parts of the encephalon along with IQ, reading degree, and a sharper memory come with exposure to music. Every clip instrumentalists perform, they have to modify the round, pacing, phrases, pitch, temper, and musical technique. From these uninterrupted challenges, the encephalon becomes improbably skilled at multitasking ( Children ‘ s Music Workshop, 2012 ) . When the Princeton, New Jersey based College Entrance Examination Board looked at SAT tonss of college-bound high school seniors, they discovered instrumentalists of 6 old ages or more scored 57 points higher on the trials verbal subdivision and 41 points higher in math than their non-art equals ( Children ‘s Music Workshop, 2012 ) . A survey shown by the Glen Burnie County School District in Maryland stated test tonss of 223 4th through 6th class pupils both involved in and missing music instruction showed no distinguishable difference. Those pupils involved within the music plan showed no marks of increased trial tonss than their non-music equals ( Corral, 1998 ) . However, this survey was conducted on kids between 4th through 6th grade pupils who have non had adequate musical experience in order to efficaciously heighten trial tonss ; hence, this information is irrelevant and can non be used to find the consequence of music on its participants. In spring 2006, the Harris Interactive canvass of high school principals noted a drastically higher category attending of 93.3 per centum and a 90.2 per centum graduation rate among schools with music plans. Unlike their antagonist, schools without music classs merely obtain attending of 84.9 per centum among pupils and a graduation rate of 72.9 per centum ( NAfME, 2012 ) . These are simply a few of the legion successes of a music instruction. Figure 2: Comparison of graduation and attending rates among schools with a music instruction vs. those without a music instruction. Not merely does music instruction make pupils smarter, it besides teaches subject and heed. Learning to play an instrument can be compared to larning another linguistic communication and can be disputing at times. Students have to be disciplined in order to get the hang playing an instrument ; it takes clip and committedness to put out clip each twenty-four hours to pattern, pattern, and pattern some more ( Petress, 2005 ) . Musicians learn workmanship as they study how inside informations are put together fastidiously and what constitutes good, as opposed to mediocre work. The National Education Longitundinal Study showed these criterions of excellence have had an consequence on the enormous sums of academic and honor awards pupils receive ( Children ‘s Music Workshop, 2012 ) . School systems ought to demand music instruction as a new degree of excellence and a rank of virtue all parents and schools should desire for kids.How Music Education Helps StudentsAlong with the old be nefits of a music instruction, music besides allows pupils to show feelings and have a self-identity. Band and orchestra members are less likely to smoke, imbibe intoxicant, or experiment with other drugs than other non-music childs ( Frisco School of Music, 2012 ) . A sense of accomplishment comes with music. Once pupils achieve their end, the satisfaction they feel is invaluable and is surely something to be proud of. Music helps us happen our self-identity and allows us to see into our privy inner universes by showing which type ( s ) of music we enjoy. For this ground, group individualism through music is both wide and limited. An instruction in music may let a pupil to be included in multiple coteries, every bit good as excepting them. The bonding of members in a group who portion common thoughts, beliefs, and behaviours is formed through this construct. Music besides helps insulate and divide one coterie from another. Hazard taking through music public presentation teaches pup ils to get the better of fright and prevent it from going a job subsequently in life ( Children ‘s Music Workshop, 2012 ) . Learning through music allows pupils to be themselves in their ain manner. Should n't every parent want this for their kid? Have you of all time wondered how a kid sees the universe? A music instruction offers kids the ability to detect the universe otherwise. Cultural instruction is continually learned and encouraged through exhibition of the humanistic disciplines and humanistic disciplines ( NAfME, 2012 ) . Students who study music learn to esteem and hold understanding towards people of other point of views, civilizations, and imposts. Analyzing music is like larning a 2nd linguistic communication in which most people speak. Many instrumentalists have taken a piece of music and translated it into several linguistic communications and manners. It ‘s through thoughts like these, that people all around the universe are introduced to something they usually would ne'er take part in or listen to. Music cuts across racial, cultural, societal, educational, and economical limitations ( Petress, 2005 ) . It is of import that in every instruction system, schools teach pupils about different ways of life, a nd non merely the one pupils live in.Music Teaches Lifelong SkillsNot merely does a music instruction aid pupils throughout school, it teaches accomplishments which are indispensable in the work force and community. Increasingly obliging techniques established through an instruction in the humanistic disciplines are appealing to the direction and aggressiveness of the state ‘s work force ( Children ‘s Music Workshop, 2012 ) . Common art sections of the originative work force are multiplying at a rate of more than double the remainder of the state ‘s work force. Such units include painters, histrions, lensmans and writers. Within these sections are persons employed in architecture, manner design, movie, picture, music, and package development ( NAfME, 2012 ) . The humanistic disciplines besides help excite economic activity by pulling tourers and increasing the community ‘s local revenue enhancement base ( Children ‘s Music Workshop, 2012 ) . These are s ome of the many advantages music instruction offers pupils in the work force and throughout their life-time. Students ‘ point of views on how studying music helps them, is an of import factor in schools taking to necessitate music in the course of study. Members of New Milford ‘s music plan and Wagner ‘s orchestra Pitt say their music accomplishments have helped them in faculty members such as math and scientific discipline. Based on neurological trials, Mr. Michael Pitt, president of the music section at Robert Wagner Middle School and president of the Music Education Association of New York City, says â€Å" it has been proven that pupils who have a hands-on experience in the humanistic disciplines achieve more elaborate job work outing in faculty members than pupils who are introduced to computing machines at immature age † ( Gill et al. , 2000 ) . By an extra and advanced vocabulary and a more focussed schoolroom, pupils have besides learned to hold forbearance in what they do ( Rubin, 2007 ) . Obviously, pupils enjoy music and like that it ‘s something th ey can make recreationally, but music instruction is besides a category to look frontward to at school. It is different from the needed categories because there are no trials and few dull minutes where pupils sit at that place listening to the instructor. Students need this chance to take a interruption from the required nucleus categories in which most of them dread. New Milford ‘s high school pupils involved in their music instruction plan said music is what defines them. Music helps them show themselves and demo others music is cool and non simply for geeks ( Rubin, 2007 ) . A music instruction really does what is said to be true about it ; trial tonss have improved and are go oning to come on, while music helps pupils find their self-image. An instruction in music besides relieves emphasis on pupils, and broadens their skylines. Former President Bill Clinton provinces, â€Å" music is about communicating, creativeness, and cooperation, and by analyzing music in school, pupils have the chance to construct on these accomplishments, enrich their lives, and see the universe from a new position. † This quotation mark sums up the cardinal points of why an instruction in music is good to most people. We must proclaim and promote a new attack for other pupils, parents, and schools find a manner to appreciate music before it is excessively late ( Children ‘s Music Workshop, 2012 ) .DecisionAn of import decision to come out of this treatment is we as a society return music for granted. Human existences need to be educated with all types of instruction in order to accomplish maximal human potency. By back uping this position, you could assist put music in the nucleus of the school course of study. All pupils ought to hold an chance to meet and spread out their endowments in all educational systems. Schools demand to maintain and implement the humanistic disciplines in instruction because they set up in pupils a life style that last a life-time.RecommendationsIn order to promote music instruction in schools, I recommend that people do their best to inform the populace and school decision makers about the impacts a music instruction has on persons. The more advocators we have to assist back up the position of set uping music instruction in the school curriculum the better opportunity persons will hold at wining in life. By prolonging this position we can greatly impact the lives of future coevalss for old ages to come.

Two Different Juvenile Justice Programs Assignment

Two Different Juvenile Justice Programs - Assignment Example Other reasons appear to be a factor of ‘boredom’ with one’s life. Remedial programs must address these problems with the young offender and most likely, his or her family’s involvement as well. Introduction While some of us may remember the days when television shows promoted family life to be like â€Å"Leave it To Beaver† and family problems were relatively simple and easily solved, our world today is far more complex and stressful. Family life is far from being ideal although some may manage to make it that way. Typically, families have two, or only one, full-time working parent, with children who must be managed and taken to ballet or sports classes. There is hardly enough time to really set proper foundations for good morals, proper social etiquette in dealing with others, and teaching children how to evaluate what they see in the media (Atella 2012). Early problems can also be observed first in the school setting when children are put on discip linary actions of one sort or another. Some children also get left by the wayside by parents and schools to fend for themselves and, without efficient judgmental thinking, can get caught up with others in less than savory activities, such as gang, drugs and commission of robberies (Hitchcock 2013). When children get caught, then justice must find ways to help children learn their lesson about committing crimes against others and what the consequences will be (Peak 2012). Zero tolerance is not always the answer. Some judgments made by the courts allow for children, according to their age, to participate in community services and pay back restitution to their victims, while others must participate in rehabilitative programs that, hopefully, show them the error of their ways (LIC 2013). Others, such as in the case of murder, and based on age such as in the late teen years, may well have to serve trial and punishment as an adult. The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention conducted a research project which came up with the Balanced and Restorative Justice Model, suggesting early intervention programs that could be instituted in communities to help at-risk young people avoid being lured away into a criminal life (LIC 2013). Rehabilitative programs were also promoted for those youthful offenders in order to help them understand the consequences of their actions, not only for themselves, but also how the crime affected the victim’s life afterwards. 1. Two juvenile programs are the Project CRAFT (Community, Restitution, and Apprenticeship-Focused Training) and the Juvenile Offenders Learning Tolerance (JOLT) program. The first program arranges for offenders (rural and urban) to learn a trade in some type of program that builds social and job skills, such as building houses. Offenders become apprentices in the early stage of their learning a trade which can be used to get a job once they are out of school (NCWD 2013). It also provides the Home Bui lders Institute (HBI) with needed workers for the homebuilding workforce. Offenders receive academic instruction and on-the-job training in learning how to build within the residential construction industry (NCWD 2013). The program also services, aside from offenders, those youth with disabilities, rural and urban youths, out of school youth, and minority youths. Currently, 10 states have

Systems and Operations- Critical Evaluation of Relevant Issues Essay

Systems and Operations- Critical Evaluation of Relevant Issues - Essay Example Moreover, in the year 2002, Gerard J. Arpey became the Chief Operating Officer as well as the President of American Airlines. American Airlines under the leadership of Gerard J. Arpey became part of the ‘oneworld’, one of the foremost global alliances in the field of airlines (American Airlines, Inc., 2008). Current Operational Areas of American Airlines Product & Service Design According to Moritz, product & service design is â€Å"the design of the overall practices of a service as well as the design of the process along with different strategies in order to provide a particular service†. In addition, it is a process which covers the four D’s, that is define, discover, develop and deliver. It is all about recognising the market, client and organisation, developing ideas, transform them into practicable solutions and eventually to help in implementing them (Moritz, 2005). The operational areas of American Airlines includes such as product & service designs , supply chain management system, planning inventory control, resource planning and quality management among others. The product that the organisation deals basically with is the airline service and also it produces numerous service designs to its wide range of customers worldwide. One of the most significant services of American Airlines is their introduction of Admirals Club which is especially intended for their travelling customers (American Airlines Inc, 2008). Admirals Club as a quality feature offers an expansive range of facilities such as individual workstations, computers with internet facility; extensive distance telephones, children’s rooms, music rooms and a wide variety of sweet and flavourful snacks... According to the research findings with the advent of increased use of technology and competition in the airlines industry, there is a need of a very practical applicable theory that is maximising revenue and reducing cost for every organisation of the airlines industries in order to survive in today’s business environment. In the paper, the current operational areas of American Airlines that include the various operational fields like the organisations product and service design, supply chain management processes, planning inventory control processes, resource planning policies and quality management among others are focused. And also an analytical discussion has been made regarding these key processes within the operational areas of the organisation that significantly contributes to the competitive advantage. Also the various organisational, management and technical issues surrounding the information system has been elaborately discussed. In this connection, certain instruct ions were also recommended regarding the improvement to the specialised areas of the organisation which might eventually prove beneficiary as well successful for American Airlines. The concept of knowledge management is also highlighted and ultimately it can play a significant role or position within the organisation in alleviating the prevalent issues. Moreover, the ethical concerns and the security threats to the recommended information systems is also highlighted and certain controllable factors were also prescribed in order to cope up with several issues and threats that are prevailing within the organisation.

Movie Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Movie Assignment - Essay Example ’s son, Michael, is critically ill of heart disease and he has already been taken to hospital (Crisis of Hope Memorial Hospital) by his parents; Michael needed heart transplantation. Unfortunately, Michael’s parents are unable to raise the required money, and they have already exhausted all the possible means to raise the $750, 000 required for Michael’s name to be included in the list of patient’s waiting operation. John Q had to decide on whether to transfer Michael to another hospital (County Hospital) or to use any other possible mean to have his son operated. Michael would most likely die if his parents transferred him to a County Hospital because the County Hospitals would not have been able to operate him. Desperate to see his son treated, John Q decided to use violence so that his son could be treated; John held hostage the stuff and the patients in the Emergency Room hostage so that his son could be treated. Eventually, John’s plan succeede d and his son was operated. In this movie, John had also attempted to commit suicide so that he could donate his heart to his son. Having analysed the situation in which John Q found himself, it is clear that John Q did not act with integrity. This is because integrity demands that one should act in the right way and a manner consistent with the prevailing rules and laws. Although John Q was desperate to have his son treated, and, although his plan of resorting to violence finally worked, John’s action of resort to violence, however, were not in line with the rules and the laws of the hospital. For this reason, therefore, John Q did not act with integrity. John also did not act with integrity by attempting to commit suicide so as to donate his heart to his son. This is because, rather than attempting to commit suicide, John could have let the hospital look for the heart for the transplantation. John’s wife, Denise, also did not act with integrity in the movie. This is because Denise collaborated with John

Imprisonment Rates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Imprisonment Rates - Essay Example Chapter two presents the real statistical data as it relates to the actual crimes investigated. Here the categories of crimes i.e. violent crime and Property crimes together with the places of their occurrence are recorded and studied. The analysis offers a critical analysis of the criminal data provided assessing their validity and also offers a better understanding of the reality as presented by other researchers. Here, a contrast is drawn when comparing the various sources used In the recent past, crime in Western Australia has been on a downward trend even as the volume and rate vary widely. This has been studied through the Australian Crime: Facts & Figures which employs information gathered from a wide range of sources to generate a holistic and accurate description of criminal justice issues and crime in Western Australia. This work presents extensive information on the trends and patterns concerning specific crimes and the location of criminal acts. The information given here follows consent given by the criminal justices agencies including the Western Australia police department and correction agencies and the district court of Western Australia. Most basic information comes from administrative collections like the police and courts that are entitled to maintain data on the population coming into contact with the criminal justice system. In this study the Western Australia police department and correction agencies and the district court of Western Australia offered a great deal of information. Additional information was collected from Crime victimization surveys used to prepare an annual edition of Australian crime: Facts & figures. This includes the Crime Victimization survey carried out by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) and the Drug Use Monitoring in Australia survey conducted by the AIC. Violent crimes take in cases of assault, homicides, robbery and kidnapping, sexual assault. Here it should be noted that

Peer to Peer Networking In Business Research Paper

Peer to Peer Networking In Business - Research Paper Example The technology is beneficial in business development and application following economic returns, and its downsides are not any better. Business ethics and legal action indicates implications that are equivalent to theft due to infringement of copyright laws and theft of intellectual property. The above brings about the demerits of running p2p technologies in the world of business for both offices and file-sharing. Peer to peer file sharing is also known as P2P file sharing, and has an important role in its application to the conventional world. This is following office application and business ethics in terms of infringing on people’s rights, as well as benefits for business ideas. Application of p2p technology in business based on the above terms is explored based on how it runs and with its consequences in business and ethics. Working P2P file sharing works in different ways based on the employment of the protocol, such as file querying from server based services to respond on the presence or existence of a file. With this use, the response prompts the owner of the given file to provide the file to the peer who needs it. In fast track protocol, files are based on nodes on a two-tier basis: super nodes and ordinary nodes. Individual computers form nodes, while super nodes are the act as directories for the centralized servers as used above. With p2p software, ordinary nodes connect to super nodes, which query the directory and respond with a list of matches for the user to create a direct peer-to-peer connection (Koskela et al, 2013). This is aimed at fetching the desired file directly from the selected peer. The bitTorrent program is the last protocol of p2p file sharing and is based on a simple concept of sharing. In this program, files are not shared, but rather bits of files are broken down to bits and distributed by different peers at equal sizes to different peers. A single copy of the file piece is distributed to different peers and then the peer s with the different pieces provide them to one another. The peer with the original, complete file is known as a seed. Business Applications Peer-to-peer file sharing is highly beneficial to all users and other potential users based on the intent of use. In this regard, installation of bit Torrent clients is simple, as so is the configuration of all computers on the sharing network. With this in mind, time is saved for purposes that are more constructive rather than spending extended periods working on it. In addition, all resources required for file transfer are shared amongst peers making the file transfer process efficient. This is due to the elimination of servers that store content and are more susceptible to failure, which inconveniences users (Light, 2001). For this reason, p2p allows users to continue functionally without influencing other users thus; is more reliable as compared to server based sharing. In addition, it is relatively cheap as compared to other networks due t o the few resources required and elimination of additional hardware. Maintenance and administration is barely required, making it an easily efficient system as each user manages his or her computer/ node thus controlling resource use at no additional cost of inconvenience. Commercially, p2p can be used for distribution of premium content to consumers, such as games, movies, music and software among others (Light, 2001). This facilitates easy trade in digital content, especially legally licensed content. It can also be used for more services such as video on demand and leasing of copyrighted content by artists and private or independent content producers. In regard to business, p2p

Explaining And Defending The Assigned Option Assignment

Explaining And Defending The Assigned Option - Assignment Example I believe the pricing option that I have chosen will be profitable for Virgin Mobile. Virgin Mobile Company will enter the market matching with prices offered by their competitors.   Ã‚  I also believe that their modern channel strategy and VirginXtras they will differentiate their products that will offer them a competitive gain in their target market. Given that the market is flooded, it is appropriate to let these features retain their product distinct and not saturate the population with totally new prices that may be difficult to understand.   Moreover, by matching competition and maintain their phones as post-paid, they can keep a low roil rate of 2 percent (McGovrn, 2015).   The rate will give Virgin Mobile the greatest chance of becoming even more profitable. If they opt for below competition option, they will create an entirely new price that might turn out to be risky. They may risk complicating a saturated market and raising churn rates. â€Å"Clone the industry Pri ces† options will be more profitable as it requires a small advertising budget. They can put their packaging so that they can pass their message to their customers without using salespersons. By using this option, their profits can be increased since there are reduced expenses for hiring salespeople.  Virgin Mobiles anticipates using approximately 60 million dollars less on advertisement compared to their competitors.  

Computer Operating System Essay Example for Free

Computer Operating System Essay The Windows series of operating systems produced by the Microsoft Corporation primarily make use of two file systems: the File Allocation Table (FAT) and the New Technology File System (NTFS). Additionally, some versions of Windows NT also support the use of the High Performance File System (HPFS), a result of Microsoft’s joint developer involvement with IBM to produce the OS/2 operating system. (Duncan, 1989; Custer, 1994) Initially released with DOS, FAT makes use of a table which indexes information on which sections of the storage medium are free, unusable or taken up by files. Disk space is partitioned into distinct units known as sectors or clusters. There is no real organization to the directory structure of FAT, and as such free disk space can become distributed across many different sectors, resulting in file space being allocated in discontiguous sectors. As such, data is highly fragmented and increases seek times. (Microsoft, 2007; Duncan 1989) HPFS was first introduced with OS/2. It improved over the core functionality of the FAT system by introducing additional room for metadata attributes. Allocation units were changed from clusters to physical sectors of 512 bytes each, optimizing the disk space used for each file. HPFS directory entries also hold more attribute data: they possess single sector FNODEs that serve as the control structure for each directory. Fragmentation is drastically reduced by allocating as much of a file in contiguous sectors. However, the HPFS is dependent on a Super Block which contains the control structures of the root directory – essentially the root FNODE. The Super Block is thus vulnerable to corruption or loss from a bad sector which can compromise an entire partition’s useability. (Microsoft, 2007; Duncan, 1989) NTFS was designed to meet the growing demand for network servers and file sharing capabilities and it borrowed many of its concepts from the HPFS. (Kozierok, 2001) It is a journaling file system which permits greater recoverability by reverting files back to a useable state in the event of power failures and system crashes that occur during file transactions. Additionally, it also makes use of an expanded meta-data system which allows administrators to set a wider variety of access and use controls to files. The NTFS also optimizes data by storing small files into the Master File Table of the NTFS itself. The larger system format limit provides means that allocation units are much more refined as well. (Microsoft, 2004; 2007) Memory management on Windows has an access limit of up to 4GB of physical memory, and as such, the allocation of memory to processes is limited by this cap. By using paging to transfer pages of data between main memory and an auxiliary storage device such as a hard drive, it can overcome some of the limitations of physical RAM and enable system processes to have their own 4GB logical address space. Additionally, Windows accords memory protection to process in such a manner as to prevent access to one another, which is crucial to ensure that processes can operate simultaneously without compromising their functionality. (Garg, 2008) Microsoft Windows is essentially an operating system that is built with multi-tasking in mind, which in effect, allows multiple programs to be executed simultaneously. Each application is composed of one or more processes, each of which provides the resources needed to execute a program. Processes are composed of threads, a discrete unit by which processor time is allocated and a single thread, called the primary thread initiates the process. Each thread may execute any portion of code in the process, including those already being executed by another thread. Virtual address space and system resources are shared by threads of a single process, though exception handlers, scheduling priority and other components that determine a thread’s importance and role within the context of a process. (Microsoft Developer Network, 2008) Windows possesses many of the essential features crucial to basic security such as authentication and access control, encryption schemes and protection profiles. However, the API for cryptography is easily compromised by the fact that it easily trusts multiple keys in certifying authority of access. As such, only one code key is necessary to render a system vulnerable. Such a compromise is possible either through accidental disclosure of the private key or when the certifying authority mistakenly issues a certificate. On the level of network security protocol, Windows makes use of IPSec, a cryptographic IP-level protection system which is an open standard in the industry, which functions not only through data encryption and verification of hosts but by detecting modifications made to data during network transit. (Quardt, 2004) Windows security is at its most problematic with regards to applications and non-operating system products. Part of the problem is that for the purposes of consumer convenience, Microsoft Windows continues to be reliant on legacy applications that contain security threats that were of trivial matter during their initial release. Furthermore, the signature architecture of Microsoft programs is to mix application code and data, such as ActiveX for example, can allow untrusted data from outside the system to activate code. (Quardt, 2004) Also, Windows approves digitally signed code even if it is supplied from outside of the system, which means that a system administrator must implicitly trust whoever has signed the code to have subjected it to appropriate code review. In essence, the problem with Windows security is that trust and certification is so decentralized as to deny systems administrators total control and authority over the trustworthiness of code.   REFERENCES Microsoft Corporation. (2007, May 7) Overview of FAT, HPFS and NTFS File Systems. Retrieved August 9, 2008 from: http://support. microsoft. com/kb/100108 Microsoft Corporation (2004, May 5) Local File Systems for Windows. Retrieved August 9, 2008: http://download. microsoft. com/download/5/b/5/5b5bec17-ea71-4653-9539-204a672f11cf/LocFileSys. doc Duncan, R. (1989, September) Design goals and implementation of the new High Performance File System. Microsoft Systems Journal, 4, 5, 1-13. Custer, H. (1994) Inside the Windows NT File System. Washington: Microsoft Press. Kozierok, C. M. (2001, April 17). Overview and History of NTFS. PCGuide. Garg, P. â€Å"Windows Memory Management. † Intellectual Heaven. Retrieved August 10, 2008 from: http://www. intellectualheaven. com/Articles/WinMM. pdf Microsoft Developer Network (2008, August 7). â€Å"About Processes and Threads. † Retrieved August 10, 2008 from: http://msdn. microsoft. com/en-us/library/ms681917(VS. 85,printer). aspx Hart, J. M. (2004) Windows System Programming, 3rd Edition. Boston: Addison-Wesley Professional. Quandt, S. (2004, May 25) â€Å"Linux and Windows security compared. † Linux. com Retrieved August 11, 2008 from: http://www. linux. com/articles/36273? page=2

My Favorite Holiday Destination Essay Example for Free

My Favorite Holiday Destination Essay I have been going to Lumina resort my entire life. Even though my teenage years, where it seemed nothing could entertain my adolescent attitude, I looked forward to vacationing on the lake of bays every summer. As a child, I recall Petticoat. For a few hours every day my parents got a break to do as they pleased, as my sisters and I made crafts, learned songs, played games, and heard stories. It was also a great way to make friends with other children visiting the resort. Lumina always has great Petticoat leaders. The children just adore them; always sitting on their laps, waving at them in the dining room, or dragging along their ankles when the week is over and it’s time for goodbyes! Returning as a teenager never seemed like a lame family holiday. With all the returning friends I had made in years previous, the activities and fun seemed endless. Tubing became a sport to us. Lounging in the sun never seemed so relaxing – with the waves licking the shores and the breeze coming off the bay. I learned how to wakeboard at Lumina; the staff spent countless years helping me stand up on the wake, and never grew tired of my mistakes. Movies in the TV room, playing cards on the deck, eating junk food in the beautifully preserved cabins. All great memories. Every night we would sneak to Frosties – the on-resort convenience store – and get a little something sweet to enjoy. As a young adult, I can’t say I’ve ever had such a great time. The lake of bays club always promises something fun. Wine and Cheese night starts everyone off at the beginning of the week to meet new guests and reconcile with old friends. Poker, pool, and darts allow for good fun with fellow vacation-goers. Live entertainment is my family’s personal favourite. Tobin – the artist that has been recruited for the past few years – is amazing, and keeps the audience dancing, drinking, and having fun. Karaoke night is the night to let loose and show all your new and old friends your talent. Of course, the beach, water activities, sports, tournaments, and excursions are just as much fun in adulthood as they were in childhood. The chef, Shawn, makes some of the best dishes I’ve ever tasted. Whether it’s a classic Caesar salad, or a new recipe, Shawn always promises taste and quality. One of the best benefits to Lumina is the food is included in the price. For your vacation period, you do not have to cook once (this is a great thing for mothers!). The staff are some of the most sociable, and helpful individuals. Tec and Vicky (the owners) can always be found if something needs to be done, or assisted with.

Designing a Successful Multi-Generational Workplace

Designing a Successful Multi-Generational Workplace Introduction Significant characteristics including values, internal and external motivators, and communication styles vary greatly among employees. This diversity is a result of the variety of genders, ethnicities, economic situations, educations levels and ages represented in the workplace. We chose to review how age, or generational diversity, impacts the workplace today. Specifically, we wanted to look at how similarities or differences regarding the generational personalities of employees may affect the work environment and employee satisfaction. A generation is defined as a group that shares specific birth years and a common set of historical and social events. Each generation is defined by common tastes, attitudes, and experiences; a generational cohort is a product of its times and tastes (Zemke, Raines, Filipczak, 2000, p. 16). Most studies focus on the following groupings: the Matures or Traditionalists those born before 1946, the Baby Boomers born between 1946 and 1964, Generation X born between 1965 and 1980, and the Millennials or Generation Y born after 1980. Today, members of each of these generations are often represented in the workplace, especially as the Matures and Baby Boomers delay retirement due to economic circumstances. The Baby Boomers and Generation X are the most prevalent groups; however, the number of Millennials is continuing to increase. This poses a unique challenge to managers as they attempt to balance the unique perspectives and needs of the four generations, while creating a unified corporate culture. While this generational diversity, much like any other type of diversity, can cause conflict and breed stereotypes, we will outline recommendations for managers to adapt to the differences and leverage the similarities in order to use them as a source of creative strength and a source of opportunity (Zemke, et. al, 2000, p. 17). Historical Social Context Each of the aforementioned generations has a distinctive set of historical and social events that has shaped their development. Globalization of business has increased the breadth of nationalities that may be represented in an organization; however, for our study we will focus on the unique context of employees born in the United States. The Traditionalists or Matures were influenced by World War II and the Great Depression. They felt a strong sense of commitment to their families and country. They endured financial challenges and thus had to learn to work hard and sacrifice (Ballone, 2007, p. 10). These individuals also held onto the notion of a nuclear family with traditional roles. Ultimately, their commitment, foresight and hard work created the United States we know today from the infrastructure, to the space program and scientific advancements, to social programs such as Social Security (Zemke, et. al, 2000, p. 31). The Baby Boomers are the children of the Matures and were raised in the prosperity and expansion of post-World War II America. Their parents had sacrificed throughout the Great Depression and the war and wanted their childrens lives to be better. They were afforded opportunities to pursue their passions often without boundaries, causing them to be more optimistic and idealistic than the generation before. Since they were the largest generation of Americans, these individuals had to learn to work together from school-age on, while also maintaining a competitive attitude. Based on their upbringing and formative events, they often felt that the purpose of world they lived in was to actively serve their needs, wants, and whims (Zemke, et. al, 2000, p. 67). At the same time, societys status quo changed, affected by the Vietnam War and Civil Rights movement, which made individuals wary of authority and feel a need to gain power by challenging it. Generation X grew up in the shadow of the Baby Boomers. They are often characterized by a survivor mentality, as they grew up in the wake of the Vietnam War, the Watergate scandal and massive layoffs by U.S. corporations (Zemke, et. al, 2000, p. 95). Not only that, but the U.S. divorce rate nearly tripled during their birth years, so they became distrustful of the permanence of institutional and personal relationships (Lancaster Stillman, 2002, p. 25). The instability in economic structure, political affairs, and even home life created a strong desire to become self-reliant and learn to thrive in the midst of constant change. The final group in our study, the Millennials or Generation Y, was raised in the era of soccer moms who were extremely involved in the numerous activities of their children. Family life was usually centered on them and they were often involved in the decision making. They are the first generation to have access to technology since birth. Considerable exposure to various cultures, races, and religions through the internet and even their own classrooms, has given this group the opportunity to accept diversity as a norm in daily life, which is unique to that of the views of previous generations. Major events of conflict, including the shootings at Columbine High School in 1999 and the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, have also influenced this generations perspective, while their upbringing has caused them to feel empowered to take positive action when things go wrong (Lancaster Stillman, 2002, p. 29). Work Values Attitudes Work values shape employees perceptions of preferences in the workplace, exerting direct influence on employee attitudes and behaviors (Twenge, Campbell, Hoffman, Lance, 2010, p. 1121). The historical and social context in which generations were raised and entered the workforce may have an impact on values, attitudes and behaviors. It is essential for organizations to be aware of both common and differentiating traits between generations and also individual preferences, in order to adapt their management techniques for the combination of employees represented. The Matures tend to be very loyal to their employers and it is not uncommon for them to have a long tenure with one company. They believe in the idea of sweat equity and that hard work earns one leadership positions. This is most often the result of a soldiers mentality created through their experience with the military and its tiered system of rank and authority and is often reflected in the management hierarchy that exists in many corporations today where its best to have the brains at the top, in executive ranks, and the brawn on the bottom, on the front lines (Zemke, et. al, 2000, p. 41). This mentality is also evident in their discipline and unwillingness to buck the system or disagree with authority. Each person does his or her own part to achieve a goal, as determined by an identifiable leadership figure. Ambiguity and change are difficult for them and if forced to adapt, logic and facts are the elements that will make them the most comfortable. Ultimately, they want to leave a meaningful legacy and in the workplace this often means that they enjoy mentoring younger employees and sharing their extensive knowledge (Crumpacker Crumpacker, 2007, p. 353). The sheer size of the Baby Boomer generation created an understanding that competition was tough and that they would ultimately be responsible for their relative success (Hill, 2002, p. 62). Despite this competition, they understand that teamwork is important and often prefer a consensual leadership style (Ballone, 2007, p. 11). At the same time, the historical events which occurred during their formative years also lead them question authority and not always accept the status quo. They are comfortable with change and optimistic about what the future holds. However, since they are accustomed to being successful and pursuing their passions, they can be overly sensitive to criticism and feedback. Generation X-ers are extremely self-reliant and often seek autonomy and self-direction in their jobs. They witnessed their parents be downsized by large businesses and are distrustful of corporations and the validity of the established hierarchies. These individuals are also much more skeptical than the generations before, choosing to put faith in themselves and their abilities rather than putting it in others, being careful with their loyalty and commitments, for fear of getting burned (Zemke, et. al, 2000, p. 101). They are more casual in their approach to authority, appreciate a more informal atmosphere in the workplace, and are impatient with needless bureaucracy and slow decision making. Millennials value autonomy and the opportunity to learn, yet enjoy engaging with leaders and coworkers. These individuals are used to multi-tasking and being involved in numerous activities, so challenge and change is nothing new. They want feedback on performance, but sometimes have difficulty accepting criticism (Welsh Brazina, 2010, p. 3). Since they were heavily involved in decision making in their families from childhood on, the lines of authority are blurry and they prefer flat organizational structures. However, they do respect those in leadership positions and enjoy mentorship relationships. At the same time, they have high expectations and desire to start at the top. Millennials want to be invested in the vision of the company and make substantial contributions to that mission. They want to make suggestions right away and expect to be promoted quicklyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦and expect fulfillment and meaning in their work (Twenge Campbell, 2008, p. 865). If these expectations are n ot met, they do not shy away from seeking out other opportunities as their loyalty is to their work and coworkers, rather than the organization itself (Welsh Brazina, 2010, p. 3). Twenge, Campbell, Hoffman and Lance emphasize that these generational differences in work values can affect the perceived fit of employees within an organization. The vision and ideals of the companys founders, which today is often the Baby Boomers, can be reflected in todays organizational structure and culture. If new employees from any generation hold values that are different from those of the leaders of the company, they may experience person-organization misfit which could yield more negative attitudes toward work, decreased performance, and greater likelihood of turnover (2010, p. 1137). Work-Life Balance Work Ethic Ones work ethic and requirement for a work-life balance can be influenced by numerous intrinsic and extrinsic factors, yet ones generation has an impact as it relates to the aforementioned work values. The Matures work ethic was molded in an era of economic difficulty, so hard work and sacrifice are the rule rather than the exception. They also learned to not take a job for granted and are often thankful for the position they have earned. In their view, work is noble and ennobling; it is something to be revered (Zemke, et. al, 2000, p. 47). Their attitude is that its essential to get the job done and to do it well. The Baby Boomers have been characterized as workaholics who are accustomed to 80-hour work weeks. They often validate their worth through their careers, feeling strongly that work should be one of the most import parts of a persons life (Smola Sutton, 2002, p. 376). However, as some approach retirement, they are seeking more balance between their personal and professional lives. They have put in the hard work thus far in their careers; consequently they now feel entitled to more time to pursue lifelong ambitions and recreational activities. They may also have family obligations such as caring for their aging parents that make this balance a necessity. Generation X-ers are often described as slackers. This is not because they dont get the work done, but rather because they have a non-traditional view of how it gets done compared to the previous two generations. Flexible work arrangements, such as telecommuting, appeal to them. They desire a work-life balance, as they saw how much time, energy, and self-worth their parents invested in their jobs. These individuals value flexibility in their work and many would refuse a promotion if they feel the quality of their home life will be compromised (Ballone, 2007, p. 11). The Millennials grew up shuffling between numerous extra-curricular activities, so multi-tasking and multiple deadlines are not foreign concepts. They are also used to having information constantly at their fingertips and expect to have the tools necessary to perform their jobs efficiently. These individuals are willing to put in the extra effort, as they are optimistic and resilient in reaching for their goals and aspirations and know that the job is a means to an end (Ballone, 2007, p. 11). They expect to work more than forty hours a week to achieve the lifestyle they want (Zemke, et. al, 2000, p. 144). At the same time, they want the flexibility to work when and where they want so they can pursue their outside interests. The differences in work ethic and work-life balance expectations often cause the most disagreement between generations. Assumptions can be made about ones productivity and loyalty to the company based on these two factors, so managers must develop policies that offer options for the differing needs of employees. They could do so by implementing options such as telecommuting, job sharing, varying starting and ending times, or condensed work weeks. However, managers must recognize that the current culture and norms might not support such a shift, so communication of expectations and training are essential. Crumpacker and Crumpacker suggest training managers on a performance management focus that measures not whether the employee is present at work each day, but whether project deadlines are being met and/or whether work products are being delivered in a timely manner (2007, p. 359). Motivation The uniqueness of each generation may cause individuals to react to different sets of motivators and rewards, while seeking to obtain varying experiences and benefits from their job (McDonald, 2008, p. 62). Thus it is essential for managers to understand those potential motivators in order to design jobs and empower employees for maximum motivation. The Matures, Baby Boomers, Gen X-ers, and Millenials motivators may vary with respect McClellands acquired needs theory. McClelland maintains that the need for achievement, affiliation, and power are acquired as a result of ones life experiences. Those who have a high need for achievement desire to be successful, while the high need for affiliation drives individuals to be liked by others and those who have a high need for power want to influence others (Bauer Erdogan, 2010, p. 103). The Matures tend to be motivated when their experience is recognized and utilized by the organization. This is an example of their need for achievement, as they have worked hard throughout their career to be successful and want their actions and knowledge be connected to the overall good of the organization. Contrary to many stereotypes, these individuals rated recognition as the most important value in their work life an attribute most often associated to Millennial workers (Laff, 2009, p. 20). In addition, their status and the loyalty they have had over the years to the organization may translate into their need for power. As stated previously, they have a very traditional view of management hierarchies and how age and gender fit into them. They may be uncomfortable, which in turn could affect their motivation, when that structure is compromised with the implementation of a flatter, more egalitarian, environment. The Baby Boomers are motivated when organizations value their competencies, reward productivity rather than longevity, and create a sense of community (Kupperschmidt, 2000, p. 70). These motivators reflect these individuals need for achievement, power and affiliation. The Baby Boomers need for power is most evident in their desire to have freedom from supervision and control over their own destiny. These individuals have a high need for achievement, apparent in their workaholic tendencies and the value they place on extrinsic rewards such promotions, titles, corner offices, and reserved parking spaces (Kupperschmidt, 2000, p. 68). At the same time, they have a need for affiliation, as they value team-based environments and building consensus in decision-making. According to a study by Jurkiewicz and Brown, the Matures and Baby Boomers did not differ significantly on any of the fifteen work-related motivational factors measured, including learning, leadership, advancement and salary ( 1998, p. 27). Individuals from Generation X differ more significantly from the previous generations in terms of motivation. They are motivated by the opportunity to learn new things, leadership responsibilities, and making a contribution using their unique skills. These individuals want to be challenged and have a chance to try a variety of tasks, demonstrating their need for achievement. According to a study by Harris Interactive, 52% of Generation X employees want pathways to personal growth, compared with 41% for Boomers and 29% for Mature workers (Huff, 2006, p. 28). Generation Xs need for power is illustrated in their need to control their environment, as they do not want to conform to organizational norms, but would rather have the flexibility to decide how and where to get their work done (Jurkiewicz Brown, 1998, p. 26). Generation X-ers are more extraverted, but place less importance on social approval than Boomers did (Twenge, et. al, 2010, p. 1125), thus their need for affiliation is no t as high as the previous generations. Millennials are confident, assertive, and achievement-oriented (Ballone, 2007, p. 11). They are looking for a flexible work environment where they can learn, while also having fun. However, their need for affiliation is not high, as they do not want to conform or seek social approval (Welsh Brazina, 2010, p. 3). These individuals expect that the organizations should provide for their needs and offer freedom to succeed, and in turn they will produce results. According to Ronald Paul Hill, Millenials are more likely to be motivated by individual development plans and evaluation criteria that allow them to personally measure and judge their successesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Motivation has increasingly turned inward, and work is more about personal fulfillment and less about external rewards (2002, p. 63). Millenials are ultimately motivated by seeing a connection between their personal growth and the growth of the organization. Team formation, rewards, and types of feedback are also influenced by the generational differences in motivators. For instance, Matures prefer long-term teams with long-term goals, while Generation X enjoys short term teams with short term goals. Managers should also understand the generations expectations regarding feedback and adapt ones approach accordingly so miscommunication and misunderstanding do not occur. Boomers require little feedback to do their jobs well, whereas Millennials like and expect constant feedbackà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦likely a result of heavy parental direction and involvement in their formative years (Glass, 2007, p. 101). In regards to rewards, there are also varying expectations. Matures seek personal recognition, while Baby Boomers want not just public recognition, but also tangible rewards such as raises and promotions. Generation X appreciates being rewarded with additional flexibility and Millenials want more opportunities to learn. We have seen this in our workplaces, as Baby Boomers often desire individual, public recognition for an accomplishment, while Millennials would rather be rewarded with a more challenging assignment. Understanding these generational differences in motivation is beneficial for managers as they seek to align policies and incentives with individuals values. Companies such as Deloitte, Sodexho, and Cisco have recognized this need and specifically trained their managers on developing and managing a diverse and multi-generational workforce. For example, Deloitte provides a series of internal executive briefings that aim to help leaders understand, and capitalize on, the generational diversity of its U.S. workers. These briefings include an overview of common motivators and rewards for the generations, including learning and development opportunities, role models and work/life balance for Millennials, skill development, real-time performance feedback, immediate, tangible recognition rewards, flexible work arrangements, and positive work environments for Generation X, and retirement planning assistance, flexible retirement options, training, and time off, including sabbaticals for the Ba by Boomers (Deloitte, 2010). Technology Communication channels have changed extensively over the decades and continue to evolve rapidly. As new technologies emerge, workplaces face a challenge in accommodating the comfort level and styles of the various generations. The Matures lived through the Great Depression and the production of the television while the Millennials have lived and breathed the Internet since they were born. Generation X-ers typically fall just short of the Millennials knowledge of technology and Baby Boomers often have a hard time embracing new technologies. In business, it is important to understand the different views that generations have on technology. Moreover, it is important to understand that technology affects everything from how generations communicate to how they learn. Understanding the diversity of technological capabilities and views of different generations can create a positive work environment, can attract the best and brightest of the younger generations and can create a team culture. Edward Cone explains in Bridging the Generational Gap that managers must recognize generational differences to head off potential conflicts and leverage the benefits (2007, p. 5). He further explains that best managers need to think about ways that involve everyone doing their best work, recognizing that one group cant be successful without the other (2007, p. 4). The Matures, now 64 years old or older, had very little exposure to the technologies that are used today. To put this in perspective, the first regularly scheduled television service in the United States began at which time the early part of the Mature generation was born. While most of these individuals are currently or will be retired within the next few years, technology has come a long way during their careers. A common misconception about employees from this generation is that they cant learn technology and refuse to give up the reins (Lancaster Cox, 2004, p. 3). However, many people from this generation are open to new technology, they just may not have the experience that some of the younger generations have. The Baby Boomers grew up in a time when technology was evolving and more advanced than the previous generation. Although these individuals are less likely to accept new technology compared to Millennials, the youngest generation (Waxer, 2009, p. 18), they are typically more tech savvy than the Matures. The Baby Boomer generations biggest downfall relating to technology is its inability to rapidly accept and embrace technology. In Leveraging Generational Work Styles to Meet Business Objectives Neil Simons writes, Boomers tend to have a limited view of technologys role in optimizing workplace efficiency; they tend to look at business systems as discrete integrated solutions designed to meet a specific need. Simons further explains, As technology systems continue to evolve, this generation must be open-minded about exploring the latest technology solutions (2010, p. 32). In such cases, it may be beneficial to team Baby Boomers up with Millennials to try to overcome the technology gap. Generation X tends to use technology more frequently than the Baby Boomers. Generation X-ers grew up during the rise of video games, the inception of the home computer and saw the Internet become used as a tool for social and commercial purposes (Simons, 2010, p. 32). This generation is typically more advanced than the Baby Boomers; however, they may still lag behind the Millenials in proficiency and acceptance of new technology. Generation Y, or the Millennials, is the youngest of generations in the workforce today and is the most savvy and knowledgeable as it relates to technology. During technological advancements during previous generations, images had simply transferred from the TV to the computer screen. A major shift did not occur until the widespread advent of the Internet in the mid to late 90s (Proserpio, 2007, p. 70). The learning style of the generation essentially changed from verbal to virtual. This is an important aspect of the Millennials as their learning styles differ from the previous generations. Managers that understand this trait of Millennials can more effectively teach them by understanding that, for example, the old training videos or manuals may no longer be sufficient. In Blending Technology and Tradition, Amato-McCoy suggests delivering training through MP3 downloads (2008, p. 50). Having grown up in a time with constant exposure to the internet, Generation Y workers also have a hi gh expectation of instant access to information and records. Unlike a time when communication was done via the US Postal Service, Millennials grew up communicating with instantaneous feedback and results. Text messages, social networks and emails all contribute to this expectation of transparency and immediate access to information and may cause these individuals to be impatient with generations who do not keep up. It is important for managers to understand the technological viewpoints and capabilities of different generations in order to share information more effectively and efficiently. An example of overcoming these differences is seen in the Suwannee River Managements record keeping system. Dianne Bell, records coordinator for the Suwannee River Management District, explains that, Engineers like paper, especially the older ones (Boomers). They want something they can hold in their hands when they go out into the field. But once some of the younger ones find out they can access documents from their PCs, they fall in love with our automated record management system and use it every opportunity they can get (Simons, 2010, p. 32). Another example of implementing new practices for younger generations, but allowing older generations to keep their same practices is how Virgin Entertainments employees communicate. Virgins employees communicate via text messages with younger generations, but via em ails and phone calls with the older generations (Amato-McCoy, 2008, p. 50). These types of practices are important because it allows the company to be at ease knowing their employees received important information in a manner that is the most comfortable to them. If, for example, the younger generation is more comfortable receiving text messages, they will check their cell phones more often. On the other hand, if the older generation is more comfortable receiving emails, chances are that they will be checking their email more often. Either way, organizations are getting information out to employees and customers in a timely manner, increasing productivity. One thing is certain; technology is not going away. In order for organizations to attract and retain young talent, they will need to continue to implement new technologies into their businesses. On the other hand, they also need to provide training tools and a culture of learning in order to increase previous generations comfort with technology. For example, Urban Outfitters uses instant messaging instead of emailing (Amato-McCoy, 2008, p. 50). Not only is this form of communication quicker, but it cut down on storage needs, allowing record archives to decrease. Zappos uses Twitter to run new ideas by its fan base as well as alerts to internal issues like outages (Amato-McCoy, 2008, p. 50). Conclusion: Designing a Successful Multi-Generational Workplace It is imperative for organizations to evaluate their current culture and policies in order to ensure they meet the needs and values of their multi-generational employees. If necessary, the generational differences in work values, desire for work-life balance, motivators, and use of technology which we have identified create opportunities for organizations to design various human resources policies and adapt their management styles to increase workplace satisfaction. These polices can encompass numerous areas including communication mechanisms, training and learning opportunities, rewards, and other benefits. To ease the implementation of such workplace modifications, it would be beneficial for organizations to train both managers and employees on the background and work attitudes of their diverse and multi-generational workforce. Betty Kupperschmidt encourages aggressive communication by managers: They must foster open discussions of what different cohorts are looking for in a job, what makes work rewarding, and what organizational factors attract and retain multigeneration employees (2000, p. 71). Since each individual sees their work values and experiences through their own framework, educating the workforce on the generational similarities and differences will aid in the recognition of these characteristics and development of a united corporate culture, rather than promotion of negative attitudes and stereotypes. As indicated previously, each generations use of and comfort with technology varies, so organizations should consider communicating important messages through multiple channels to ensure it reaches all workers. For example, an organization may use blogs, social networks, or instant messages to communicate to Millenials, whereas face-to-face meetings or memos may work better for Baby Boomers or Matures. We have seen this in our own companies with the communication of health insurance information via online tutorials, in-person classes, and distribution of hard copies. An organization should consider adapting training methods for each generation, as their learning styles also differ. Mangers should personally delivering information and education, possibly in lecture format, for the Matures, while Baby Boomers prefer team and consensus-derived information and technology is the best avenue for teaching Generation X and Millennials (Kupperschmidt, 2000, p. 72). Our companies accommodate these differences by providing both in-person and online training, so that individuals have the flexibility to choose. Most Baby Boomers and Matures take advantage of in-person training, while Gen X-ers and Millennials prefer the online training. Employees within each generation also have different preferences for the type and amount of guidance and feedback they receive; therefore managers may need to adjust their leadership and communication styles when interacting with and evaluating the performance of different generations. For instance, performance feedback at an annual review is often sufficient for both the Matures and the Baby Boomers, while more continuous feedback is appreciated by Millennials. In terms of leadership and guidance, the Matures prefer consistent, respectful and direct leadership, while Baby Boomers prefer a more democratic approach. Generation X wants more informal, yet results-oriented leaders, and Millennials seek collaborative, achievement-oriented and coaching type leadership. An example of tailoring ones style to such differences is given in our textbook, where a regional manager at Novo Nordisk Inc. would start each performance feedback e-mail with recognition of team performance, which was late r followed by feedback on individual performance (Bauer Erdogan, 2010, p. 35). A culture of learning could also be fostered by offering job sharing opportunities or possibilities for lateral movement. This would give employees from any generation an opp

Slaughterhouse Five Essay -- essays research papers

Novel Summary Billy Pilgrim is unstuck in time, and so is Slaughterhouse Five. Novel follows Billy's "unhinged" life. If I write every hop, skip, and jump, the summary would be as complicated as the book. These are the basic facts of Pilgrim's life; they are shown in chronological order (but are definitely not in the book): Billy Pilgrim is born in 1922 and grows up in Ilium, New York. He is a funny-looking youth, he does reasonably well in high school, enrolls in night classes at the Ilium School of Optometry, and is soon drafted into the army and the Second World War. He serves as a chaplain's assistant, then is thrown into the Battle of the Bulge, and almost immediately gets taken prisoner behind German lines. Just before being captured, though, he becomes unstuck in time for the first time. He sees all of his life in one sweep. Billy is transported with other privates to the city of Dresden. There, the prisoners are made to work for their stay. They are kept in a forme r slaughterhouse. Allied forces bomb the city, then drop gasoline to create a firestorm that sucks most of the oxygen into the blaze, suffocating or burning 130,000 people. Billy and his fellow POWs survive in an airtight meat locker. They emerge to find, "a moonscape of destruction". Several days later, Russian forces capture the city and Billy's help in the war is over. He returns to Ilium and finishes optometry school. He gets engaged to the daughter of the founder of the school. Afte...

Resident Evil: The Umbrella Conspiracy :: essays research papers

Resident Evil: The Umbrella Conspiracy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Imagine picking up the newspaper one morning in you quiet little town where nothing ever seems to happen that could affect the townspeople so drastically†¦ â€Å"Latham Weekly, June 2, 1998†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Bizarre Murders Committed In Raccoon City† is the fearful headline across the front page and you read on wondering what all this could mean and what would happen in the months to come.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Raccoon City – The mutilated body of forty-two-year-old Anna Mitaki was discovered late yesterday in an abandoned lot not far from her home in Northwest Raccoon City.† You never thought it could happen. Especially in a quiet town like yours. A dear friend of yours has been viscously murdered. She has been the forth victim of what people are now calling the â€Å"Cannibal Killers.† The reason for this is due to that all the victims found were partially eaten; the bite patterns apparently formed by human jaws. This report has now brought the mysterious killings up to seven. â€Å"Raccoon Times, June 22, 1998   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Horror In Raccoon! More Victims Dead† (You could only wonder what this means for the city.) â€Å"Raccoon City – The bodies of a young couple were found early Sunday morning in Victory Park, making Deanne Rusch and Christopher Smith the eight and ninth victims in the reign of violence that has terrorized the city since mid-May of this year.† As you read on you find out that these victims suffered the same wounds as the previous victims. All is quiet again for about another month due to the Raccoon Police enforcing a citywide curfew and barricading areas near where the murders took place. After that month of somewhat normalness you read the newspaper to find that something will be done to help out the city. â€Å"Cityside, July 21, 1998   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  S.T.A.R.S. Special Tactics And Rescue Squad Sent To Save Raccoon City†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  You think to yourself†¦thank God something is finally going to be done to put an end to this on going horror. â€Å"Police Chief Brian Irons announced yesterday that the S.T.A.R.S. will participate full-time in the search for the hikers and will also be working closely with the RPD until there is an end to the rash of murders and disappearances that are destroying the community.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chief Irons, a former S.T.A.R.S. member himself, was asked in an exclusive telephone interview from Cityside about why the S.T.A.R.S. hadn’t been assigned to these cases until now, Chief Irons would only say that the S. Resident Evil: The Umbrella Conspiracy :: essays research papers Resident Evil: The Umbrella Conspiracy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Imagine picking up the newspaper one morning in you quiet little town where nothing ever seems to happen that could affect the townspeople so drastically†¦ â€Å"Latham Weekly, June 2, 1998†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Bizarre Murders Committed In Raccoon City† is the fearful headline across the front page and you read on wondering what all this could mean and what would happen in the months to come.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Raccoon City – The mutilated body of forty-two-year-old Anna Mitaki was discovered late yesterday in an abandoned lot not far from her home in Northwest Raccoon City.† You never thought it could happen. Especially in a quiet town like yours. A dear friend of yours has been viscously murdered. She has been the forth victim of what people are now calling the â€Å"Cannibal Killers.† The reason for this is due to that all the victims found were partially eaten; the bite patterns apparently formed by human jaws. This report has now brought the mysterious killings up to seven. â€Å"Raccoon Times, June 22, 1998   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Horror In Raccoon! More Victims Dead† (You could only wonder what this means for the city.) â€Å"Raccoon City – The bodies of a young couple were found early Sunday morning in Victory Park, making Deanne Rusch and Christopher Smith the eight and ninth victims in the reign of violence that has terrorized the city since mid-May of this year.† As you read on you find out that these victims suffered the same wounds as the previous victims. All is quiet again for about another month due to the Raccoon Police enforcing a citywide curfew and barricading areas near where the murders took place. After that month of somewhat normalness you read the newspaper to find that something will be done to help out the city. â€Å"Cityside, July 21, 1998   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  S.T.A.R.S. Special Tactics And Rescue Squad Sent To Save Raccoon City†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  You think to yourself†¦thank God something is finally going to be done to put an end to this on going horror. â€Å"Police Chief Brian Irons announced yesterday that the S.T.A.R.S. will participate full-time in the search for the hikers and will also be working closely with the RPD until there is an end to the rash of murders and disappearances that are destroying the community.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chief Irons, a former S.T.A.R.S. member himself, was asked in an exclusive telephone interview from Cityside about why the S.T.A.R.S. hadn’t been assigned to these cases until now, Chief Irons would only say that the S.

Healthy Grief Essay

The Book of Job is a profound story about a man who was â€Å"perfect and upright, and one that feared God, and eschewed evil† (Job 1:1). Job was a man who had a loving family, prospered and was very wealthy. For whatever reason, Satan challenged God regarding Job. Satan told God that if everything were taken away from Job, he would surely curse God. It was a â€Å"bet† of sorts. So God gave Satan the power to destroy everything Job had with the exception of Job’s life. Satan took away Job’s possessions, family and health. Unbelievably, even after all his loss, Job still fell to the ground and worshipped God. Job 1:2-20) The trials and hardships that Job suffered were inconceivable, yet Job seemed to persevere and demonstrate resilience beyond what is human. What made the difference? Was it his faith? This paper will discuss the five stages of the Kubler-Ross grieving process. It will examine the successful example of Job’s own grieving process as it relates to the Baha’i faith. The Five stages of Kubler-Ross can be seen throughout the story of Job. According to Kubler-Ross (2013), the grieving process is comprised of five formal stages: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and finally acceptance. The first stage, denial, actually enables the person to initially endure an incredible loss. While it may seem counterintuitive, denial is actually a critical aspect of the healthy healing process. It is comparable to entering a stage of shock. The act of denial actually is a protective mechanism that helps a person cope with the overwhelming situations. (Kubler-Ross & Kessler 2013) One could interpret Job’s statement, â€Å"Lord gave, and the Lord hath taken away†(Job 1:21) as a form of denial. Others may interpret it as his unwavering faith in God’s plan. Anger is the next stage, and is absolutely essential to the grieving process. Job is seen voicing his anger, â€Å"Therefore I will not restrain my mouth, I will speak in the anguish of my spirit; I will complain in the bitterness of my soul. † (Job 7:11) Pain is the emotion most closely related to and buried under anger. So, in essence, the pain drives anger and anger drives change. As it relates to the grieving process, anger instigates a form of strength and can provide the backbone and structure necessary to move on to the next stage. Kubler-Ross & Kessler 2013) Although Job voices his anger it isn’t directed to God but rather the situation. Bargaining in the third stage and is the stage of negotiating. In their mind, a person will remain in the past, and try anything to return to the way things were before. (Kubler-Ross & Kessler 2013) At first glance, it appears Job doesn’t ever go through the bargaining stage, he clearly expresses his sadness. He continues to praise and worship God in spite of the losses he is going through. However, one can observe how he clearly wishes he could return to the way things were before. He is wise in heart, and mighty in strength, who hath hardened himself against him, and hath prospered. † (Job 9:4) But his sorrow could certainly be seen as a type of bargaining with God to relieve his sorrow. The fourth stage is depression, the stage where one will experience feelings of emptiness and hopelessness. Some people worry that their feelings of despair will last forever. Yet this stage is part of the natural order of loss, and a critical component of the five stages. When someone is depressed they become withdrawn. They sometimes question whether or not they should go on themselves. The depression stage is part of the natural healing process and is a necessary step one must experience in order to heal. (Kubler-Ross & Kessler 2013) Job reveals his own deep depression he says, â€Å"My days are swifter than a weaver’s shuttle, and are spent without hope. â€Å"(Job 7:6) â€Å"Let that day perish wherein I was born, and the night in which it was said. † (Job 3:3) and continues to question why he survived birth and should probably never have been conceived. (Job 3:3-11). Job is feeling hopeless and is becoming depressed. He also feels his problems are ith no end in sight, and he is experiencing the thoughts of giving up. Acceptance of his trials is evident in Job 13: 15-16 â€Å"Through he slay me, yet will I trust in him, He also will be my salvation. † Job accepts that God is wise and puts his trust in him. This stage is about the acceptance of a new reality; people change, learn and develop empathy from their grief to move on. Acknowledging the pain and moving on doesn’t mean the past is forgotten, rather it enables the person to move forward with an open heart and a broader perspective. Job didn’t fully understand the purpose of his trials, but he accepted the omnipotence of his God. His faith sustained him just as faith sustains people today. Job’s faith is similar to that of the Baha’i faith. Those of the Baha’i faith believe that the body, mind, and spirit grow when they are tried by suffering. Trails or tests are viewed as a gift from God. Those who have these tests and persevere will have happiness while those who don’t are cowards. They are asked to turn to God and pray when enduring these tests and be thankful. Grief and sorrow do not come to us by chance, they are sent to us by the Divine Mercy for our own perfecting† (Baha’i International Community 2013). Job persevered and believed there was a reason to why God was putting him through these trials. Studies have shown that those who attend church, pray, and actively practice their faith actually suffer less depression and resolve their grief sooner than those with little or no faith at all. (Quick, 2012) Clearly, there appears to be a correlation between spiritual beliefs or faith, and the ability to handle stress and accept tragedies in a more positive way. Healthcare providers, counselors, and clergy have all recognized that having a faith to cling to or a greater belief in life after death can ease the grieving process. In conclusion, having a belief in a greater power and life after death can make dealing with loss much easier. When a person has something to cling to, it can make dealing with trauma or loss more manageable. If there was no belief in life after death or no belief in a greater power, life’s tragedies would be far more difficult to deal with. It’s actually healthy to cultivate a belief in something. Like Job, we will all experience some type of loss in our lives. Grief is a common thread to each and every person on the planet. Identifying the stages of grief, and having the resources and skills to cope with grief is crucial for handling grief in a healthy way. Everyone experiences the stages of grief. The difference seems to be faith. People who have a deep sense of faith are better equipped and more quickly navigate the stages of grief. As with Job, their faith allows them to go forward and successfully help others through the grieving process.

“Mother Tongue” by Amy Tan Essay

Amy Tan begins by announcing, â€Å"I am not a scholar of English†¦I cannot give you much more than personal opinions on the English language and its variations in this country and others.† How does this opening set up your expectations for the rest of the essay? Why do you think she chose to begin by denying her own authority? The introduction Tan decided to use presents the reader with a strong sense of the kind of individual she is. By saying â€Å"I am not a scholar of English†, Tan is revealing how humble she is. Amy Tan has written many novels and essays (some of which have been nationally recognized). Yet, she starts off her essay by stating that this is just a product of her opinion and that it is in no way superior to any others opinion. This manner of denying her own authority shows her strong belief that everyone can have their own interpretation of the value of the English language, much like she does. Her opening draws the reader in; it intrigues us. We are pleased with the idea that Tan is going to bring a new perspective to the â€Å"personal opinions on the English language†. Her opening also causes to reader to have a moment of self-reflection. We start to wonder what our opinion on the English language has been, momentarily stunned because, truly, we have never thought about this in-depth before. Therefore, our expectations for the rest of the essay increase. Tan writes about the different â€Å"Englishes† she speaks. What categories does she divide English into? Why are these divisions important to Tan? How does she say they affect her as a writer? At the beginning of the essay, Tan herself questions how to put a label on the complex â€Å"Englishes† that she has grown up with. To Tan, these â€Å"Englishes† do not just represent a way of speaking; they are multi-dimensional and a big part of her journey to find out who she truly is. Through self-reflection, at the end of her essay, she is able to come up with four categories of the English she uses: the kind of English she speaks to her mother (considered a â€Å"simple English†), the English her mother uses with her (considered a â€Å"broken English†), her translation of her mother’s Chinese (considered a â€Å"watered down† version), and the kind of English Tan aspires to capture (her mother’s internal language- the translation of Chinese if her mother could speak English  perfectly.) These divisions matter to Tan because each of these â€Å"Englishes† uniquely contribute in forming who Tan is. As a writer, this exposure to all of these â€Å"Englishes† has affected her greatly. She no longer focuses on writing to the readers who can understand English perfectly. Tan’s understanding of the multifaceted â€Å"Englishes† present in our nation allow her to get her message across to a larger audience. How does writing for a literary audience affect the language Tan primarily uses in the essay? What kind of English do you think she believes her audience speaks? Why? Support your answer with quotations from the text. Tan is aware that the literary audience will have a higher expectation of her writing. Therefore, she does not write in the manner in which her mother would speak (â€Å"broken English†). However, throughout her essay, any reader, whether an English scholar or student would easily be able to understand what Tan is trying to convey through her writing. In her essay Tan states: â€Å"Fortunately, for reasons I won’t get into today, I later decided I should envision a reader for the stories I would write. And the reader I decided upon was my mother.† Tan’s writing fully expresses the nature of her thoughts and ideas, but she writes in a way that will allow anyone to read her essay. Tan knows that there are people full of thoughts and emotions as complex as hers but are hindered by their lack of knowing English perfectly. She does not want her complex English phrasing to stop them from being able to gain something from her writing. How does Tan’s title – â€Å"Mother Tongue† – affect the way you read her argument? What other titles might she have chosen? Tan’s choice of title-â€Å"Mother Tongue†- allows the reader to understand Tan’s relationship with her mother. Although at some points, Tan was critical and embarrassed of her mother’s English, she has grown to understand and accept the idea that everyone can have their own kind of English. As a reader, the title allows you to have an open mind to the concept that â€Å"broken English† is not necessarily broken. People may not be able to speak English perfectly, but that does not mean you can label them as uneducated nor does it mean you are superior. Tan could have used a title that was patronizing or condescending. Her title could have swayed the reader to let go of whatever English they use and to start using â€Å"proper†/†formal† English. But as Tan said in her essay: â€Å"Fortunately, I happen to be rebellious in nature and enjoy the challenge of disproving assumptions..† Tan embraces the kind of English her mother uses because it plays a big part in who she is and how she speaks her own English and the title â€Å"Mother Tongue† is a testimony of that.

Biology Virus Essay

Biology Virus Essay A virus is a microorganism that cannot reproduce without a host. As a result of this, there has been a lot of controversy on whether or not a virus is a living or non-living organism. The dictionary. com definition for life is, â€Å"the condition that distinguishes organisms from inorganic objects and dead organisms, being manifested by growth through metabolism, reproduction, and the power of adaptation to environment through changes originating internally. Viruses have characteristics of both living and non-living organisms, for example, a living characteristic includes reproduction. A non-living characteristic of a virus is that they cannot have both DNA and RNA. The living characteristics of viruses state that viruses can reproduce, but viruses can only reproduce with the help of a host. As a result of viruses not being able to replicate on their own, viruses are not living organisms. Viruses are small infectious particles that have nucleic acid. They can come in many different shapes and sizes. Although viruses vary in shape the common virus has four main parts, the head, DNA or RNA, tail sheath, and tail fiber. The head of a virus is a protein shell that protects the DNA inside it also known as the genome. In comparison, viruses and living organisms both are made up of smaller units that form up to make something larger. The physical appearance of a virus and living organisms are different and what a virus is made up of is different in comparison to a living organism. Viruses are made up of proteins and nucleic acid. The protein comes together to form an encasing shell for the nucleic acid. The protein shell is called a capsid. The nucleic acid inside a capsid can either be DNA or RNA, but never both. Viruses can be classified depending on the features they have, for example the various shapes of a capsid can determine the type of virus. A capsid can be a simple or complex structure. The most complex capsid is found in bacteria called bacteriophages. A virus can also have a viral envelope which contains protein and lipids. Based on shape and structure viruses can infect bacteria, animals and plants. The way in which viruses can infect theses organisms is different. The viruses that infect bacteria are the most common. The life cycle of viruses that infect bacteria are put into two categories known as the lysogenic and lytic cycles. In the lytic cycle, the virus injects its DNA or RNA into the bacteria and makes the bacteria create all the different components that form an entire virus. These parts come together to create individual viruses and as a result of this mass production of individual viruses, the cell bursts. Viruses that go through the lytic cycle are called virulent phages. Phages that go through the lysogenic cycle are known as temperate phages. In the lysogenic cycle the virus injects its DNA or RNA into the host in the same way as the lytic cycle does except the injected DNA or RNA sits and stays inside the host. As a result the virus doesn’t create more individual viruses and the host’s cell doesn’t burst. Although the nucleic acid sits and stays inside the genome, a reaction could occur and the virus could go from the lysogenic to the lytic cycle. In conclusion, viruses have characteristics of both living and non-living organisms. Like non-living organisms, viruses can’t have both DNA and RNA. They can reproduce like living organisms but that is with the help of a host. Without the help of a host viruses can’t perform the characteristics of a living organism. Due to the lack of living characteristics, this shows that viruses are not living organisms.